TENSES
SIMPLE PRESENT
Habitual actions/routines
Afirmative (+):
I/You/We/They + verb (+ ...)
She/He/It - verb+s (+ ...)
Negative (−):
I/You/We/They + do not/don't + verb (+ ...)
She/He/It + does not/doesn't + verb (+ ...)
Question (?):
(Wh- +) Do + I/you/we/they + verb (+ ...)?
(Wh- +) Does + she/he/it + verb (+ ...)?
Verb "to be"
Afirmative (+):
I + am + ...
You/We/They + are + ...
She/He/It + is + ...
Negative (−):
I + am + not + ...
You/We/They + are + not + ...
She/He/It + is + not + ...
Question (?):
Am + I + ... ?
Are + you/we/they + ...?
Is + she/he/it + ...?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Actions at the moment
Afirmative (+): Subject + am/is/are + verb+ing (+ ...)
Negative (−): Subject + am/is/are + not + verb+ing (+ ...)
Question (?): (Wh- +) Am/Is/Are + subject + verb+ing (+ ...)?
FUTURE ARRANGEMENT (Present Continuous)
Actions in the future (tengo comprobante)
Example: I am going to Mar del Plata (I have the tickets)
FUTURE "GOING TO"
Plans or intentions/predictions
Afirmative (+): Subject + am/is/are + going to + verb (+ ...)
Negative (−): Subject + am/is/are + not + going to + verb (+ ...)
Question (?): (Wh- +) Am/Is/Are + subject + going to + verb (+ ...)?
Example: I'm going to go to Mar del Plata (I have the idea but not the tickets)
SIMPLE PAST
Short finished actions
Afirmative (+): Subject + verb past simple [regular+ed / irregular: 2nd column] (+ ...)
Negative (−): Subject + did not + verb (+ ...)
Question (?): (Wh- +) Did + subject +verb (+ ...)?
Verb "to be"
Afirmative (+): Subject + was/were + ...
Negative (−): Subject + was/were + ...
Question (?): (Wh- +) Was/Were + subject + ... ?
PAST CONTINUOUS
Long interrupted/unfinished actions
Afirmative (+): Subject + was/were + verb+ing (+ ...)
Negative (−): Subject + was/were + not + verb+ing (+ ...)
Question (?): (Wh- +) Was/Were + subject + verb+ing (+ ...)?
FUTURE WITH "WILL"
Decisions at the moment
Afirmative (+): Subject + will + verb (+ ...)
Negative (−): Subject + will not + verb (+ ...)
Question (?): (Wh- +) Will + subject + verb (+ ...)?
PRESENT PERFECT
Experiences/recent past/duration
Afirmative (+): Subject + have/has + verb past participle [regular+ed / irregular: 3rd column] (+ ...)
Negative (−): Subject + have/has + not + verb past part. (+ ...)
Question (?): (Wh- +) Have/Has + subject + verb past part. (+ ...)?
- Experience ---> ever/never
- Recent past ---> just
- Duration ---> since/for
Examples:
They have started a test.
Sam has just fallen off his bike.
He has been in hospital since last Sunday.
Kate hasn't visited him for five days.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Duration
Afirmative (+): Subject + have/has + been + verb+ing (+ ...)
Negative (−): Subject + have/has + not + been + verb+ing (+ ...)
Question (?): (Wh- +) Have/Has - subject + been + verb+ing (+ ...)?
PAST PERFECT
Afirmative (+): Subject + had + verb past part. [regular+ed / irregular: 3rd column] (+ ...)
Negative (−): Subject + had + not + verb past part. (+ ...)
Question (?): (Wh- +) Had + subject + verb past part. (+ ...)?
OTHER THINGS
POSSESSION: "HAVE GOT / HAS GOT"
Afirmative (+): Subject + have/has + got + ...
Negative (−): Subject + have/has + not + got + ...
Question (?): Have/has + subject + got + ... ?
PERMISSION/ABILITY: "CAN"
Afirmative (+): Subject + can + verb (+ ...)
Negative (−): Subject + can + not + verb (+ ...)
Question (?): Can `+ subject + verb (+ ...) ?
Examples:
I can listen to the radio. [permission]
She can play the guitar . [ability]
OBLIGATION/PROHIBITION: "MUST"
Afirmative (+): Subject + must + verb (+ ...)
Negative (−): Subject + must + not + verb (+ ...)
Question (?): (Wh- +) Must + subject + verb (+ ...)?
Example: You must study for your exams. [obligation]
HOBBIES AND INTERESTS
My favourite activity is....
I like/keep on/ am interested in + verb+ing/ noun
ADVICE/SUGGESTIONS: "SHOULD"
Afirmative (+): Subject + should + verb (+ ...)
Negative (−): Subject + should + not + verb (+ ...)
Question (?): (Wh- +) Should + subject + verb (+ ...)?
COMPARISON
COMPARING
(+): Short adjetive+ER + than
MORE + long adjetive + than
(=): AS + adjetive + AS
(−): LESS + adjetive + than
SUPERLATIVE
(+): the + short adjetive+EST
the + MOST + long adjetive
(−): the + LEAST + adjetive
SUGGESTIONS/INVITATIONS
Would you like + verb?
Why don't + subject + verb?
Let's + verb
What/How + about + verb+ing?
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
TYPE 0 ---> Real facts {siempre ocurren}
(If + subject 1 + verb simple present) + (subject 2 + verb simple present)
{Cualquiera de los dos parentesis puede ir primero}
Example: If someone freezes water, it turns into ice.
TYPE 1 ---> Predictions about future
(If + subject 1 + verb simple present) + (subject 2 + verb future with "will"
Example: If Kate mentions Tim again, I will go home.
TYPE 2 ---> Imaginary or unreal situations
(If + subject 1 + verb simple past) + (subject 2 + would + verb)
Examples:
If I had a lot of money I would travel around the world.
If I studied hard I would pass my exams.
ACTIVE/PASIVE VOICE
ACTIVE VOICE
Someone chooses the pose.
-----S-------------------------O
PASIVE VOICE
The pose is chosen (by someone).
------S-------------------------------O
{POR LO TANTO} ---> S=O + verb to be (= tense) + verb past participle (+ by + O=S)
Cualquier cosa pregunten
Espero que les sirva!!!!!
SIMPLE PRESENT
Habitual actions/routines
Afirmative (+):
I/You/We/They + verb (+ ...)
She/He/It - verb+s (+ ...)
Negative (−):
I/You/We/They + do not/don't + verb (+ ...)
She/He/It + does not/doesn't + verb (+ ...)
Question (?):
(Wh- +) Do + I/you/we/they + verb (+ ...)?
(Wh- +) Does + she/he/it + verb (+ ...)?
Verb "to be"
Afirmative (+):
I + am + ...
You/We/They + are + ...
She/He/It + is + ...
Negative (−):
I + am + not + ...
You/We/They + are + not + ...
She/He/It + is + not + ...
Question (?):
Am + I + ... ?
Are + you/we/they + ...?
Is + she/he/it + ...?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Actions at the moment
Afirmative (+): Subject + am/is/are + verb+ing (+ ...)
Negative (−): Subject + am/is/are + not + verb+ing (+ ...)
Question (?): (Wh- +) Am/Is/Are + subject + verb+ing (+ ...)?
FUTURE ARRANGEMENT (Present Continuous)
Actions in the future (tengo comprobante)
Example: I am going to Mar del Plata (I have the tickets)
FUTURE "GOING TO"
Plans or intentions/predictions
Afirmative (+): Subject + am/is/are + going to + verb (+ ...)
Negative (−): Subject + am/is/are + not + going to + verb (+ ...)
Question (?): (Wh- +) Am/Is/Are + subject + going to + verb (+ ...)?
Example: I'm going to go to Mar del Plata (I have the idea but not the tickets)
SIMPLE PAST
Short finished actions
Afirmative (+): Subject + verb past simple [regular+ed / irregular: 2nd column] (+ ...)
Negative (−): Subject + did not + verb (+ ...)
Question (?): (Wh- +) Did + subject +verb (+ ...)?
Verb "to be"
Afirmative (+): Subject + was/were + ...
Negative (−): Subject + was/were + ...
Question (?): (Wh- +) Was/Were + subject + ... ?
PAST CONTINUOUS
Long interrupted/unfinished actions
Afirmative (+): Subject + was/were + verb+ing (+ ...)
Negative (−): Subject + was/were + not + verb+ing (+ ...)
Question (?): (Wh- +) Was/Were + subject + verb+ing (+ ...)?
FUTURE WITH "WILL"
Decisions at the moment
Afirmative (+): Subject + will + verb (+ ...)
Negative (−): Subject + will not + verb (+ ...)
Question (?): (Wh- +) Will + subject + verb (+ ...)?
PRESENT PERFECT
Experiences/recent past/duration
Afirmative (+): Subject + have/has + verb past participle [regular+ed / irregular: 3rd column] (+ ...)
Negative (−): Subject + have/has + not + verb past part. (+ ...)
Question (?): (Wh- +) Have/Has + subject + verb past part. (+ ...)?
- Experience ---> ever/never
- Recent past ---> just
- Duration ---> since/for
Examples:
They have started a test.
Sam has just fallen off his bike.
He has been in hospital since last Sunday.
Kate hasn't visited him for five days.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Duration
Afirmative (+): Subject + have/has + been + verb+ing (+ ...)
Negative (−): Subject + have/has + not + been + verb+ing (+ ...)
Question (?): (Wh- +) Have/Has - subject + been + verb+ing (+ ...)?
PAST PERFECT
Afirmative (+): Subject + had + verb past part. [regular+ed / irregular: 3rd column] (+ ...)
Negative (−): Subject + had + not + verb past part. (+ ...)
Question (?): (Wh- +) Had + subject + verb past part. (+ ...)?
OTHER THINGS
POSSESSION: "HAVE GOT / HAS GOT"
Afirmative (+): Subject + have/has + got + ...
Negative (−): Subject + have/has + not + got + ...
Question (?): Have/has + subject + got + ... ?
PERMISSION/ABILITY: "CAN"
Afirmative (+): Subject + can + verb (+ ...)
Negative (−): Subject + can + not + verb (+ ...)
Question (?): Can `+ subject + verb (+ ...) ?
Examples:
I can listen to the radio. [permission]
She can play the guitar . [ability]
OBLIGATION/PROHIBITION: "MUST"
Afirmative (+): Subject + must + verb (+ ...)
Negative (−): Subject + must + not + verb (+ ...)
Question (?): (Wh- +) Must + subject + verb (+ ...)?
Example: You must study for your exams. [obligation]
HOBBIES AND INTERESTS
My favourite activity is....
I like/keep on/ am interested in + verb+ing/ noun
ADVICE/SUGGESTIONS: "SHOULD"
Afirmative (+): Subject + should + verb (+ ...)
Negative (−): Subject + should + not + verb (+ ...)
Question (?): (Wh- +) Should + subject + verb (+ ...)?
COMPARISON
COMPARING
(+): Short adjetive+ER + than
MORE + long adjetive + than
(=): AS + adjetive + AS
(−): LESS + adjetive + than
SUPERLATIVE
(+): the + short adjetive+EST
the + MOST + long adjetive
(−): the + LEAST + adjetive
SUGGESTIONS/INVITATIONS
Would you like + verb?
Why don't + subject + verb?
Let's + verb
What/How + about + verb+ing?
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
TYPE 0 ---> Real facts {siempre ocurren}
(If + subject 1 + verb simple present) + (subject 2 + verb simple present)
{Cualquiera de los dos parentesis puede ir primero}
Example: If someone freezes water, it turns into ice.
TYPE 1 ---> Predictions about future
(If + subject 1 + verb simple present) + (subject 2 + verb future with "will"
Example: If Kate mentions Tim again, I will go home.
TYPE 2 ---> Imaginary or unreal situations
(If + subject 1 + verb simple past) + (subject 2 + would + verb)
Examples:
If I had a lot of money I would travel around the world.
If I studied hard I would pass my exams.
ACTIVE/PASIVE VOICE
ACTIVE VOICE
Someone chooses the pose.
-----S-------------------------O
PASIVE VOICE
The pose is chosen (by someone).
------S-------------------------------O
{POR LO TANTO} ---> S=O + verb to be (= tense) + verb past participle (+ by + O=S)
Cualquier cosa pregunten
Espero que les sirva!!!!!