Practice using the appropiate relative pronoun in each sentence:
1) The student _______ studies hard will pass the final exam.
2) Mr. Richard is the man to ______ we all admire!.
3) ________ am I speaking to?.
4) He ____________ car is big, is my best friend.
5) The glasses _________ were on the table, were mine.
6) Those were the houses __________ I was telling you about!.
7) April the second is the day _________ he celebrates his birthday.
44. The use of whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever, wherever and whenever
Whatever (jwatever) (lo que sea, el que sea, cualquier "refiriendose a una cosa o animal".
Whichever (wichever) (cualquier, cualquiera que, cual sea "refiriendose a una cosa o animal".
Whoever (juever) (quien sea, quienquiera "refiriendose a una persona".
Whomever (jumever) (quien sea, a quien sea).
Wherever (jwerever) (donde sea, donde sea que, donde quiera, donde quiera que).
Nota: estas palabras se consideran siempre "en singular".
Ex:
Whatever book you choose.
(jwatever buk iu chu..s)
(cualquier libro que tu escojas)
Do whatever is necessary.
(du jwatever is necesawri)
(haz lo que sea que sea necesario = haz lo que sea necesario)
I will finish my work today whatever happens.
(ai wil finish mai work tudei jwatever japens)
(yo terminare mi trabajo hoy lo que sea que pase = yo terminare mi trabajo pase lo que pase)
Take whichever book you prefer.
(teik wichever buk iu prefer)
(toma cualquier libro que prefieras)
You can choose whichever you like.
(iu can chu..s wichever iu laik)
(tu puedes elegir cualquiera (cual sea) que te guste)
I won´t answer the phone whoever calls.
(ai wont answer de fon juever cols)
(yo no contestare el telefono quienquiera (quien sea) que llame)
Whoever finds it can keep it.
(juever fainds it can kip it)
(quienquiera / quien sea que lo encuentre puede quedarselo)
Whoever you are.
(juever iu ar)
(quienquiera que seas)
Ask whoever you like.
(ask juever iu laik)
(pregunta a quien sea/quienquiera que gustes)
I can do a favor to whomever I want.
(ai can du a feivor tu jumever ai wont)
(yo puedo hacer un favor a quiensea que yo quiera)
Please, call me from wherever you are.
(pli..s, col mi from jwerever iu ar)
(por favor, llamame de dondesea que estes)
I am going to find her wherever she is.
(ai am gouing tu faind jer jwerever shi is)
(yo voy a encontrarla dondesea que este)
45. Los pronombres recíprocos
Reciprocal pronouns.
(wreciprocal pronouns)
(los pronombres recíprocos)
Each other (i..ch oder) (el uno al otro "intervienen 2 personas".
One another (wuan anoder) (unos a/con otros, uno a/con otro "intervienen 3 o más personas).
Ex:
The two boys hate each other.
(de tu bois jeit i..ch oder)
(los dos muchachos se odian el uno al otro)
They used to give each other many presents.
(dei iust tu giv i..ch oder meni presents)
(ellos solian darse el uno al otro muchos regalos)
All of us in the class are very fond of one another.
(ol ov os in de clas ar vewri fond ov wuan anoder)
(todos nosotros en la clase estamos muy encariñados unos con/a otros)
They didn´t have time to look at one another.
(dei dident jav taim tu luk at wuan anoder)
(ellos no tenian tiempo para mirarse unos a otros)
The use of "either...or... And neither...nor..."
Either...or... (i..der...or...) (o...o...) = se usa para hablar acerca de 2 o más posibilidades, de una manera "afirmativa".
Ex:
You can either come with me or walk alone.
(iu can i..der com wid mi or wolk alon)
(tu puedes o venir conmigo o caminar solo)
Either you leave this house or I will call the police.
(i..der iu li..v dis jaus or ai wil col de polis)
(o tu dejas esta casa o yo llamare a la policia)
I like to live either in the city or on the country.
(ai laik tu liv i..der in de citi or on de countri)
(me gusta vivir o en la ciudad o en el campo)
Neither...nor... (ni..der...nor...) (ni...ni...) = se usa para hablar de 2 o mas posibilidades, pero de una forma "negativa".
Ex:
I trust neither you nor anybody.
them.
(ai trost ni..der iu nor enibodi)
(yo confio ni en ti ni en nadie (ellos))
I neither smoke nor drink liquor.
(ai ni..der smouk nor drink liquor)
(yo ni fumo ni tomo licor)
Neither he nor she was at home yesterday.
(ni..der ji nor shi was at jom yesterdei)
(ni el ni ella estaban en casa ayer)
Intermidiate 2 english practice, unit 6,
"general review"
Translate into english the following spanish sentences:
1) O sales de mi casa, o tendre que llamar a la policia.
2) Ni el ni tu son malos.
3) Ellos no tenian tiempo de mirarse unos a otros.
4) A veces nos amamos o nos odiamos el uno al otro.
5) Yo terminare los estudios pase lo que pase.
6) Yo puedo hacerle un favor a quienquiera.
7) Sal de dondequiera que estes.
8) No hicimos la tarea, porque no tuvimos el tiempo suficiente.
9) Yo te dire la verdad tan pronto como tu me digas todo lo que quiero saber.
10) No puede ser!, Ellos no estaban aquí ayer.
Nota: si no puede hacer este ejercicio, quiere decir que no ha estudiado como debe de hacerlo, por favor, no siga adelante sin antes saber todo muy bien del principio del curso hasta este punto.
46. Conectores o conjunciones
Connectors or conjunctions
(conectors or conyuncshion)
(conectores o conjunciones)
1) so that (sou dat); in order to (in order tu); y so as to (sou as tu) = se usan para indicar proposito y se pueden traducir como "de manera que" o "con el proposito de/que", aunque en ocaciones lo traducen como "para" o "porque..."
"so that" = va seguido por una persona o pronombre del predicado.
"in order to" y "so as to" = van seguido por una acción, y puede utilizarse cualquiera de los dos.
Ex:
He is washing the car so that he can take his girlfriend to the cinema.
(ji is washing de car sou dat ji can teik jis grlfrend tu de cinema)
(el esta lavando el carro de manera que el pueda llevar a su novia al cinema)
They are listening to their father in order to learn a lot.
(dei ar lisening tu deir fader in order tu le..rn a lot)
(ellos estan escuchando a su padre con el proposito de aprender un monton)
She got up early so as to be able to finish her homework.
(shi got op i..rli sou as tu bi eibl tu finish jer jomwork)
(ella se levanto temprano con el proposito de poder terminar su tarea)
2) because (bicos) (porque...) = va seguido por una persona o pronombre del sujeto.
Because of (bicos ov) (a causa de, por causa de, debido a) = va seguido de un articulo o de un adjetivo posesivo.
Ex:
I didn´t buy the cigarrets because they were very expensive.
(ai dident bai de cigawrets bicos dei wer vewri expensiv)
(yo no compre los cigarros porque ellos estaban muy caros)
I didn´t buy them because of their danger.
(ai dident bai dem bicos ov deir danyer)
(yo no los compre a causa de/ debido a su daño)
I only competed in the race because of the expensive prize.
(ai onli compitid in de wreis bicos ov di expensiv prais)
(yo unicamente competi en la carrera a causa de el caro premio)
3) although (oldoug); though (doug); even though (iven doug) = los 3 significan "aunque", pero "although" por van comunmente al principio de la oracion, mientras que "though" y "even though" van comunmente en medio o al final de una oracion.
As though (as doug) (como si) = as if (as if).
Ex:
Although she is very young, she has an open mind.
(oldoug shi is vewri yong, shi jas an oupen maind)
(aunque ella es muy joven, ella tiene una mente abierta)
Her father gave her a cat, though she doesn´t like them.
(jer fader geiv jer a cat, doug shi dosent laik dem)
(su padre le dio "a ella" un gato, aunque a ella no le gustan)
He is very fat even though he does a lot of exercise.
(ji is vewri fat iven doug ji dos a lot ov exersais)
(el esta muy gordo aunque él hace un monton de ejercicio)
He wants to buy a new car, though he can´t pay it.
(ji wonts tu bai a niu car, doug ji cant pei it)
(él quiere comprar a nuevo carro, aunque el no pueda pagarlo)
She didn´t want to eat though she was very hungry.
(shi dident wont tu i..t doug shi was vewri jongri)
(ella no quiso comer aunque ella estaba muy hambrienta)
My relatives are not here any more, but I feel as though they´re still here.
(mai wrelativs ar not jir ani mor, bot ai fi..l as doug deir stil jir)
(mis parientes ya no están más aquí, pero yo siento como si ellos todavía estuvieran aquí.
Nota: en esta frase "they´re = they were".
4) in spite of (in spait ov) = despite (despait) = ambos significan "a pesar de, a pesar de que, pese a, pese a que", su orden en las frases no importa, pero comúnmente van seguidos por "un sustantivo, una acción en gerundio, un adjetivo posesivo o cualquier articulo.
Ex:
Despite the mad dog, the mailman delivered the letter.
(despait de mad dog, the meilman deliverd de leder)
(a pesar del perro loco, el cartero entrego la carta)
Despite being ill, he went to the conference.
(despait biing il, ji went tu de conferens)
(a pesar de estar enfermo, él fue a la conferencia)
despite
in spite of the hour, doctors always help.
(in spait ov di aur, doctors olweis jelp)
(a pesar de la hora, los doctores siempre ayudan)
In spite of his good work, the boss fired him.
(in spait ov jis gud work, de bos faird jim)
(a pesar de su buen trabajo, el jefe lo despidió)
Nota: no confunda "despite" y "in spite of" con "although" (oldoug), ya que este ultimo siempre se utiliza en frases completas y significa "aunque", pues luego se confunde con "a pesar de" ya que son sinónimos.
although
as much as she was very intelligent, she did´t pass the exam.
(as moch as... Shi was vewri inteliyent, shi dident pas di exam)
(aunque ella era muy inteligente, ella no paso el examen)
despite
He was writing on the picture, although his mother told him not to do it.
despait...
(ji was wraiting on de pictur, oldoug... ...jis moder told jim not tu du it)
a pesar de que...
(él estaba escribiendo sobre el cuadro, aunque... ..su madre le dijo no hacerlo)
Intermidiate 2 english practice, unit 6
"connectors"
Complete these sentences according to what it is asked in parenthesis.
1) He is explaining the best he can, ___________(de manera que) we can understand easily.
2) I am writing a book ______________(con el propósito de) publish it.
3) I didn´t buy them __________(porque...) They were expensive.
4) She had an open mind, ____________(aunque) she was very young.
5) I am going to kiss her ___________(aunque) she doesn´t want me to do it.
6) __________(a pesar de) being sick, he went to the school.
7) We were punished _____________(a pesar de que) our good behavior.
8) The party was exciting, ____________(a pesar de que) all my friend couldn´t be with me.
47. The use of ...
1) Late (leit) (tarde, con retrazo).
Lately (leitli) (ultimamente) = recently (wricentli) (recientemente).
Ex:
You are late (iu ar leit) (tu estas atrazado = tu estas tarde = llegas tarde).
It´s not good for him to keep himself awake until late at night.
(its not gud for jim tu kip jimself aweik ontil leit at naigt)
(no es bueno que él se mantenga despierto hasta tarde en la noche)
He came late, so we didn´t go to the cinema.
(ji keim leit, sou ui dident gou tu de cinema)
(él vino tarde, así que nosotros no fuimos al cinema)
You are very pretty lately!.
(iu ar vewri priti leitli!)
(tu estas muy bonita ultimamente!)
We don´t go to that kind of places lately.
(ui dont gou tu dat kaind ov pleises leitli)
(nosotros no vamos a esa clase de lugares ultimamente)
2) indeed (indid) (ciertamente, realmente) = se usa para reforzar el significado de "very", se traduce también como "de verdad!" O "en verdad!". Es sinónimo de "really" y "centainly".
Ex:
Thank you very much indeed!.
(dakiu iu vewri moch indid!)
(muchísimas gracias de verdad!)
I am very happy indeed to see that!.
(ai am vewri japi indid tu si dat!)
(yo estoy muy feliz ciertamente por ver eso!)
3) near (ni..r) = indica proximidad y se traduce como "cerca de".
Nearly (ni..rli) (aproximadamente, por poco, casi).
Ex:
Is your house far from here?. R= no, it is near here.
(is yur jaus far from jir?) (r = no, it is ni..r jir)
(esta tu casa lejos de aquí?) (r = no, esta cerca de aquí)
My cat came near when I told it to do it.
(mai cat keim ni..r jwen ai told it tu du it)
(mi gato vino cerca cuando yo le dije que lo hiciera)
I nearly fell down.
(ai ni..rli fel daun)
(yo casi o por poco me caí)
My work in this factory is nearly completed.
(mai work in dis factowri is ni..rli complitid)
(mi trabajo es esta fabrica esta casi completo)
4) once (wuans) (una vez). Twice (tuais) (dos veces). 3 times (dri taims) (3 veces).
4 times, 5 times, etc...
Ex:
I always go to Veracruz once a month, neither twice nor 3 times.
(ai olweis gou tu Veracruz wuans a mond, nider tuais nor 3 taims)
(yo siempre voy a Veracruz una vez al mes, ni dos veces ni 3 veces)
Once I talked to her when she was a child.
(wuans ai tolkt tu jer jwen shi was a chaild)
(una vez yo hable con ella cuando ella era una niña)
5) beside (bisaid) (junto a, al lado de).
Besides (bisaids) (ademas, ademas de, aparte de).
Besides = as well as.
Furthermore (furdermor) (lo que es mas) = besides.
Afterwards (afterwards) (después, más tarde).
Ex:
Does she always sit down beside me in the school?.
(dos shi olweis sit daun bisaid mi in de scul?)
(¿se sentaba ella siempre junto a mí en la escuela?)
They are sometimes beside me.
(dei ar somtaims bisaid mi)
(ellos esta a veces junto a mí)
Don´t worry for that, besides she´s not coming today!.
(dont wowri for dat, bisaids shi is not coming tudei!)
(no te preocupes por eso, ademas ella no viene hoy!)
What did he tell you to take with you besides a bottle of wine?.
(jwat did ji tel iu tu teik wid iu bisaids a botl ov wain?)
(que te dijo el que llevaras contigo aparte de la botella de vino?)
He is a doctor besides (as well as) a great businessman.
(ji is a doctor bisaids (as wel as) a greit bisnisman)
(él es un doctor ademas de (así como también) un gran hombre de negocios)
I took her to the dance, furthermore (besides) I kissed her.
(ai tuk jer tu de dans, furdermor (bisaids) ai kist jer)
(yo la lleve a bailar, lo que es más (ademas) yo la bese)
I did´t do it in that moment but I had to do it afterwards.
(ai dident du it in dat moument bot ai jad tu do it afterwards)
(yo no lo hice en ese momento pero tuve que hacerlo después)
6) however (jauever) (sin embargo, como sea, a pesar de todo) (conj).
Yet (jet) (pero, sin embargo) (conj).
Ex:
I feel hungry, however (yet) I won´t eat anything.
(ai fi.l jongri, jauever (jet) ai wont i..t eniding)
(me siento hambriento, sin embargo (pero) yo no comeré nada)
However you want, I will do it.
(jauever iu wont, i wil du it)
(como sea que quieras, yo lo haré)
Recuerde que "yet" como adverbio significa "todavía, aun, aun así; pero "however" como un adverbio significa "por mas...; Por muy...; Por mucho...".
However hard I try, I can´t do it.
(jauever jard ai trai, i cant du it)
(por muy duro que trato, yo no puedo hacerlo)
Don´t worry, yet you are the best.
(dont wowri, jet iu ar de best)
(no te preocupes, aun tú eres el mejor)
7) nevertheless (neverdeles) (no obstante) = nonetheless (nondeles).
Ex:
I was sleepy, nevertheless I didn´t want to go to bed.
(ai was slipi, neverdeles ai dident wont tu gou tu bed)
(yo estaba soñoliento, no obstante yo no quise ir a la cama)
8) thus (dus) (así, de este modo, así que) = se considera sinónimo de "so" y de "this way".
Therefore (derfor) (por lo tanto, por tanto).
According to (acording tu) (según, de acuerdo a...).
Ex:
so
I don´t like to hurt people, thus I never feel bad.
this way
(ai dont laik tu jort pipl, dus i never fi.l bad)
(no me gusta lastimar a las personas, así o de esta manera nunca me siento mal)
They study a lot, therefore they´re going to pass.
(dei studi a lot, derfor deir gouing tu pas)
(ellos estudian un monton, por lo tanto ellos van a pasar)
You have to dress according to your age.
(iu jav tu dres acording tu yur eidch)
(tu tienes que vestir de acuerdo a tu edad)
9) throughout (drugaut) = como preposición significa "a lo largo de, durante todo, durante toda"; pero como adverbio significa "todo el tiempo, por todas partes de".
Otherwise (oderwais) (sino, de otra forma, de otra manera).
Ex:
Throughout all the history, the persons have loved one another without being aware of it. (drugaut ol de jistowri, de persons jav lovd wuan anoder widaut biing awer of it) (a lo largo de toda la historia, las personas se han amado unas a otras sin ser conscientes de ello)
They go selling door by door throughout the city.
(dei gou seling dor bai dor drugaut de city)
(ellos van vendiendo puerta por puerta por todas partes de la ciudad)
You have to do your homework, otherwise you won´t be able to come with us.
(iu jav tu du iur jomwork, oderwais iu wont bi eibl tu com wid us)
(tu tienes que hacer tu tarea, de otra forma (sino) no podrás venir con nosotros)
10) accordingly (acordinli) (por ello, por lo cual, por tanto).
Consequently (consecuentli) (consecuentemente, por tanto).
If so...(if sou...) (si es así...).
Ex:
accordingly
You killed a person, if so, you will have to pay it.
consequently
(iu kild a person, if sou, iu will jav tu pei it)
(tu mataste una persona, si es así, tu tendrás que pagarlo)
He saved someone, consequently, he will be rewarded.
(ji seivd somwuan, consecuently, ji wil bi wriwardid)
(el salvo a alguien, consecuentemente, el será recompensado)
11) Likewise (laikwais) (así mismo, igualmente).
Since (sins) = como adv. Significa "desde, desde entonces, después", como preposición significa "desde", pero como una conjunción significa "ya que, puesto que"; comúnmente va acompañado de la palabra "ago (agou) (hace)".
Thorough (doroug) (adj) = significa "completo/a, exhaustivo/a, minucioso/a).
Ex:
The doctor told her not to eat tacos, likewise not to stay awake till late.
(de docto told jer not tu i..t tacos, laikwais not tu stei aweik til leit)
(el doctor le dijo no comer tacos, así mismo no permanecer despierta hasta tarde)
I don´t have any friend since 2 years ago.
(ai dont jave eni frend sins tu yi..rs agou)
(yo no tengo ningún amigo desde hace 2 años)
He will never tell me the truth since I scolded him yesterday.
(ji wil never tel me de trud sins ai scoldid jim yesterdei)
(el nunca me dirá la verdad ya que yo lo regañe ayer)
A few moments ago, I was studying since tomorrow I have an exam.
(a fiu mouments agou, ai was studiing sins tumowrou ai jav an exam)
(hace unos pocos momentos, yo estaba estudiando ya que mañana tengo un examen)
The policeman was doing a very thorough investigation.
(de polisman was duing a vewri doroug investigueishion)
(el policía estaba haciendo un muy exhaustiva investigación)
Intermidiate 2 english practice, unit 6
"the use of..."
Practice filling the blanks in each one of the following sentences with the word required in parenthesis.
1) It is ________(tarde) for me to go there.
2) We are good friends ____________(ciertamente)!.
3) If you study well, you will be __________(casi) as good as i am.
4) Don´t you go to the dentis ___________(dos veces) a year?.
5) What did they ask you to bring ____________(además de) food and water?.
6) The earth is round and _____________(sin embargo) it moves!.
7) If you like to be good, help people, __________(de esa manera), everyone will be like you, ______________(por lo tanto), do others what you want them to do to you.
8) She failed her exam, ___________(ya que) she didnot study.
48. Apéndice 1
Acciones irregulares en pasado.
Recuerde que las acciones regulares en pasado, solo se forman agregando "en cuanto a su escritura" la terminación "ed". (ver pagina 51).
En cambio, las siguientes acciones irregulares en pasado solo se las tiene que aprender de memoria.
Nota: lógicamente, tuvo que haber estudiado la lista de acciones en presente del apéndice 1 de la unidad 2.
Presente: pasado:
Abide abode (aboud).
Arise arose (awrous).
Awake awoke (awok)
Be was (was). Were (wer).
Bear bore (bor).
Beat beat (bi..t).
Become became (bikeim).
Begin began (bigan).
Bend bent (bent).
Bet bet (bet).
Bind bound (bound).
Bite bit (bit).
Bleed bled (bled).
Blow blew (blu..)
Break broke (bro..k).
Breed bred (bred).
Bring brought (brogt).
Build built (bi..lt).
Burn burnt (burnt).
Buy bought(bogt).
Can (aux) could (culd).
Cast cast (cast).
Choose chose (cho..s).
Cling to clung to (clung tu).
Clothe clad (clad).
Come came (keim).
Cost cost (cost).
Creep crept (crept).
Cut cut (cut).
Deal dealt (delt).
Dig dug (dig).
Dive dove (dov)
Do did (did).
Draw drew (dru).
Dream dreamt (dremt).
Drink drank (drank).
Drive drove (drov).
Dwell dwelt (duelt).
Eat ate (et)
Fall fell (fel).
Feed fed (fed).
Feel felt (felt).
Fight fought (fogt).
Find found (faund).
Flee fled (fled).
Fling flung (flung).
Fly flew (flu).
Forbid forbade (forbad).
Forget forgot (forgat)
Forgive forgave (forgeiv).
Freeze froze (froz).
Get got (gat).
Give gave (geiv).
Go went (went).
Grind ground (graund).
Grow grew (gru).
Hang hung (jung).
Have had (jad).
Hear heard (je..rd).
Hew hewed (jiud).
Hide hid (jid).
Hit jit (jit).
Hold held (jeld).
Hurt hurt (jort).
Keep kept (kept).
Kneel knelt (nilt).
Knit knit (nit).
Know knew (niu).
Lie lay (lei).
Lay laid (leid).
Lead led (led).
Leave left (left).
Lend lent (lent).
Let let (let).
Light lit (lit).
Lose lost (lost).
Make made (meid).
Mean meant (ment).
Meet met (met).
Mistake mistook (mistuk).
Mow mowed (moud).
Pay paid (peid).
Put put (put).
Quit quit (quit).
Read read (wred).
Rid rid (wrid).
Ride rode (wroud).
Ring rang (rang).
Rise rose (wrous).
Run ran (wra..n)
Saw sawed (so..t).
Say said (se..d).
See saw (so..).
Seek sought (so..gt).
Sell sold (sold).
Send sent (sent).
Set set (set).
Sew sewed (soud).
Shake shook (shuk).
Shave shaved (sheiv).
Shed shed (shed).
Shine shone (shoun).
Shoot shot (shot).
Show showed (shoud).
Shred shredded (shredid).
Shrink shrank (shrank).
Shut shut (shut).
Sing sang (sing).
Sink sank (sank).
Sit sat (sit).
Slay slew (slu..)
Sleep slept (slept).
Slide slid (slid).
Slink slunk (slunk).
Smell smelt (smelt).
Sow sowed (soud).
Speak to spoke to (spok tu).
Speed sped (sped).
Spell spelt (spelt).
Spend spent (spent).
Spin spun (spun).
Spit spit / spat (spit / spat).
Split split (split).
Spoil spoilt (spoilt).
Spread spread (spre..d).
Spring sprang (sprang).
Stand stood (stud).
Steal stole (stol)
Stick stuck (stuck).
Sting stung (stung).
Stink stank (stank).
Stride strode (stroud).
Strike struck (struck).
Strive strove (strouv).
Swear swore (swor).
Sweat sweat (swe..t).
Sweep swept (swept).
Swell swelled (swelt).
Swim swam (swam).
Swing swang (swang).
Take took (tuk).
Teach taught (tagt).
Tear tore (to..r).
Tell told (told).
Think thought (dogt).
Throw threw (dru..).
Tread on trod on (trod on).
Wake woke (wok).
Wear wore (wo..r).
Wed wedded (wedid).
Weep wept (wept).
Wet wet (wet).
Win won (won).
Wind winded (windid).
Wind wound (wund).
Write wrote (wrot).
49. Unidad 7. Presente perfecto y presente perfecto continuo
Present perfect (present perfect) (presente perfecto) = se usa para indicar que una acción empezó en un momento no especifico del pasado, y puede o no continuar en el presente.
pasado presente
* *
no se sabe el momento puede o no, continuar
que la acción comenzó. en el presente.
Construcción de una oración afirmativa:
Persona + have/has + acción en pasado p. + inf. + palabra
adicional.
Palabras adicionales:
Today (tudei) (hoy).
All day (ol dei) (todo el día).
Recently (wricentli) (recientemente).
For (for) (por).
Since (sins) (desde).
This month, this week, this year.
Lately (leitli) (ultimamente).
Pasado participio de una acción:
Presente: pasado: pasado participio:
Work. Worked. Worked (workt) (trabajado).
Go. Went. Gone (gon) (ido).
Write. Wrote. Written (writen) (escrito).
Be. Was/were. Been (bi..n) (estado).
Have. Had. Had (jad) (tenido).
See. Saw. Seen (si..n) (visto).
Nota: aprender de memoria todas las acciones en presente, en pasado y en pasado participio, las cuales las puede encontrar en cualquier diccionario inglés.
Ex:
I have worked in that company for many years.
(ai jav workt in dat compani for meni yi..rs)
(yo he trabajado en esa compañía por muchos años)
She has gone to her house recently.
(shi jas gon tu jer jaus wrisentli)
(ella ha ido a su casa recientemente)
He has written a letter to them lately.
(ji jas writen a leder tu dem leitli)
(él ha escrito una carta a ellos ultimamente)
Para negar solo se usa "hasn´t" o "haven´t":
I haven´t worked in that factory for many years.
She hasn´t gone to her house recently.
He hasn´t written a letter to them lately.
Para preguntar:
Have I worked ...?.
Has she gone...?.
Has he written...?.
Present perfect continuous (present perfect continius) (presente perfecto continuo) = se usa para decir que una acción empezó en un punto del pasado y todavía continua en el presente.
pasado presente
(empezó una acción) (y continua en el presente)
Construcción de una oración afirmativa:
Persona + have/has + been + acción en presente con terminación en "ing" + información + palabra adicional.
Palabra adicional = today, all day, for, since, recently, lately, this week, this month, this year, etc.
Ex:
He has been studying english for 2 years.
(ji jas bi..n studing inglish for tu yi..rs)
(el ha estado estudiando inglés por dos años)
They haven´t been working hard recently.
(dei javent bi..n working jard wricentli)
(ellos no han estado trabajando duro recientemente)
Have you been swimming since 5:00 am?.
(jav iu bi..n swiming sins faiv ei. Em.?)
(has tu estado nadando desde las cinco a. M.?)
Advanced 1 english practice, unit 7
"presente perfect and continuous"
Complete the following sentences as it is required in parenthesis:
1) They _____________(han trabajado) in that company for many years.
2) She _____________(no ha ido) to her house recently.
3) He _____________(ha estado) studying english for 2 years.
4) They ____________(no han estado) working hard recently.
50. Pasado perfecto y pasado perfecto continuo
Past perfect (past perfect) (pasado perfecto) = se usa para describir a una acción que ocurrió antes de otra acción pasada.
pasado * presente
(acción que paso antes) (acción pasada)
Construcción de la oración:
Persona + had + (acción en p. Participio) + inf. + palabra adicional + una oración en pasado simple.
Palabras adicionales:
Before (bifor) (antes de, antes de que).
When (jwen) (cuando...).
Until (ontil) (hasta).
By the time (bai de taim) (por/en el momento, al tiempo que).
Ex:
He had seen that movie twice before he came to this city.
(ji jad si..n dat movi tuais bifor ji keim tu dis citi)
(él había visto esa película dos veces antes de que el viniera a esta ciudad)
He had told you that when you arrived.
(ji jad told iu dat jwen iu awraivd)
(él te había dicho eso cuando tu llegaste)
We had studied english before we went to u. S. A.
(ui jad studid inglis bifor ui went tu iu. Es. Ei.)
(nosotros habíamos estudiado inglés antes de que fuéramos a u. S. A)
He hadn´t given you the papers before you came here.
(ji jadent given iu de peipers bifor iu keim jir)
(el te había dado los papeles antes de que vinieras aquí)
Had we seen them before they saw us?.
(jad ui si..n dem befor dei sou os?)
(habíamos nosotros visto a ellos antes de que ellos nos vieran?)
Past perfect continuous (past perfect continius) (pasado perfecto continuo) = se usa para describir y recalcar la continuación de una acción que ocurrió antes de otra acción pasada.
pasado presente
Acción que paso antes. la acción continua...
* *
Construcción de la oración:
Persona + had been + acción en presente con terminación en "ing" + palabra adicional + oración en pasado simple.
Palabras adicionales = before, when, until, by the time.
Ex:
She had been studying french for 6 months when she decided to study english.
(shi jad bi..n studing french for six monds jwen shi disaidid tu studi inglish)
(ella había estado estudiando francés por seis meses cuando ella decidió estudiar inglés)
You had been eating a lot before my mother arrived at the kitchen.
(iu jad bi..n i..ting a lot bifor mai moder awraivd at de kitchen)
(tu habías estado comiendo un monton antes de que mi madre llegara a la cocina)
Advanced 1 english practice, unit 7
"past perfect and continuous"
Complete the sentences below as it is required in the parenthesis:
1) We ___________(habíamos estudiado) english before we went to u. S. A.
2) He ______________(no había dado) you the papers before you came here.
3) You _____________(habías estado) eating a lot before my mother arrived at the kitchen.
4) She ____________(no había estado) studying french for 2 years
Question words and tag questions with present perfect and past perfect (palabras interrogativas y preguntas de confirmación con presente perfecto y pasado perfecto)
Preguntas interrogativas con presente perfecto:
Ex:
I have worked in that company for many years because that was what I wanted to do.
Who has worked in that company for many...?.
R = i have.
What have I done in that company for many...?
R = i have worked.
Where have I worked for many years because...?
R = in that company.
How long/how much time have I worked for many in that company because...?
R = for many years.
Why have I worked in that company for many years?
R = because that was what i wanted to do.
Ex:
He has been studying english for 2 years.
Who has been studying english for 2 years?
R = he has.
What has he been doing for 2 years?
R = studying.
What has he been studying for 2 years?
R = english.
How long has he been studying english for?
R = for 2 years.
Preguntas interrogativas con pasado perfecto:
Ex:
He had seen the movie twice before she saw it.
Who had seen the movie twice before...?
R = he had.
What had he done twice before she saw it?
R = he had seen.
What had he seen twice before she saw it?
R = the movie.
How many times had he seen the movie before...?
R = twice.
Ex:
We had been studying maths before he did it.
Who had been studying maths before...?
R = we had.
What had we been doing before...?
R = we had been studying.
What had we been studying before...?
R = maths.
51. Preguntas de confirmación con presente perfecto
Ex:
( + ) ( - )
You have done exercise. Haven´t you?.
They have been watching t. V. Haven´t they?.
He has been sick. Hasn´t he?.
( - ) ( + )
She hasn´t been sick. Has she?.
It hasn´t been eating food. Has it?.
You haven´t done your work. Have you?.
Preguntas de confirmación con pasado perfecto:
Ex:
( + ) ( - )
She had been working a lot. Hadn´t she?.
They had done their work. Hadn´t they?.
( - ) ( + )
You hadn´t love her. Had you?.
They hadn´t been thinking on that. Had they?.
Advanced 1 english practice, unit 7
"tag questions with present and past perfect"
Make the correct tag questions for the following sentences:
1) she has loved me for many years. _______________________
2) we haven´t sleep a lot! ______________________
3) she had been working a lot. ___________________
4) they had done their work well. ___________________
5) you hadn´t love her. _______________
6) they hadn´t been thinking on that. ___________________
52. Verbos auxiliares o modales
Auxiliary verbs or modals
(auxiliawri verbs or modals)
(verbos auxiliares o modales)
The modals are: will and would; shall and should; can and could; may and might; must and had to; ought to; and had better.
Will and would:
"will" (wil) = expresa un plan futuro.
Ex:
I will be there at 7:00 pm o´clock.
"would" (wuld) = pone a una acción en terminación "ría", y/o expresa una . . .
. . . Petición amable. Ex: would you help me please?
(wuld iu jelp mi pli..s?)
(me ayudaría usted por favor?)
. . . Un deseo. Ex: I would like to see her.
(ai wuld laik tu si jer)
(me gustaría verla)
. . . Un rechazo. Ex: she wouldn´t lend any money to me.
(shi wuldent lend eni moni tu mi)
(ella no me prestaría ningún dinero)
. . . Una buena voluntad.
Ex: I would take the car to the mechanic but i am very tired.
(ai wuld teik de car tu de mecanic bot ai am vewri taird)
(yo llevaría el carro al mecánico pero estoy muy cansado)
Shall and should:
"shall" (shal) = expresa una sugerencia con sentido futuro.
Ex:
Shall I see you tomorrow? (shal ai si iu tumowrou?) (te vere mañana?).
Nota: recuerde las reglas de los auxiliares:
4) Los auxiliares se escriben igual para todas las personas.
Ex:
I will, you will, he will, she will, etc...
I would, he would, etc...
I shall, you shall, we shall, he shall, etc...
5) Primero se pone la persona, luego el auxiliar y después la acción sin pluralizar (para todas las personas).
Ex:
I can kiss her. He can do it.
She can kiss her. It can do it.
6) Después de un auxiliar, las acciones "be" y "have" no cambian su forma ni se dividen como lo hacen normalmente con las personas.
Ex:
I can be a good student. He can have a lot of money.
She will be with her parents. Shall he have a house too?.
It would be fine. She would have a good future.
"should" (shuld) (debería) = expresa recomendación.
Con "I" y "we" = indica una responsabilidad personal.
Con "you", "they", "we", "he", "she" e "it" = indica sugerencia.
Ex:
I should do my homework but I never have time.
(ai shuld du mai jomwork bot ai never jav taim)
(yo debería hacer mi tarea pero nunca tengo tiempo)
She should visit her grandmother but she doesn´t have time.
(shi shuld visit jer grandmoder bot shi dosent jav taim)
(ella debería visitar a su abuela pero no tienen tiempo)
We shouldn´t kill animals or plants.
(ui shuldent kil animals or plants)
(nosotros no beberíamos matar animales o plantas)
Should I love everyone in the world?
(shuld ai lov evwri wuan in de world?)
(¿debería yo amar a cada uno en el mundo?)
Can and could:
"can" (can) (poder, pero de habilidad) = you are able to do something.
"could" (culd) (podría, podía, pudiste, pudo) = you were able to do something.
Ex:
She can do whatever she likes to.
(shi can du jwatever shi laiks tu)
(ella puede hacer lo que sea que ella quiera hacer)
He could speak english very well 3 years ago.
He couldn´t afford the car which he liked.
(ji culdent aford de car wich ji laikt)
(él no pudo pagar el carro que le gusto)
Can you speak louder than she does?
Could he do his work so well as she did it?
May and might:
"may" (mei) (poder) = expresa permiso para acciones presentes y futuras, y una posibilidad en un 60% posible.
Ex:
When it is hot, you may open the windows.
May I dance with you?
It may rain this afternoon because the sky is cloudy.
You may not touch her.
"might" (maigt) (puede, podría, podrias) = expresa un permiso que fue dado en algún punto del pasado, y una posibilidad en un 20% posible.
Ex:
He said that he might open the windows.
It might snow in Veracruz this winter.
If you scold him, he might tell you the truth.
Must and had to:
"must" (most) (debe, debes, deben) = expresa . . .
1) Necesidad = have to.
Ex:
I must go now = I have to go now.
He must see them tomorrow.
She mustn´t smoke a lot.
Must they do what you want?.
Para expresar necesidad en pasado, se usa "had to".
Ex:
He told me that he had to tell you the truth.
2) Probabilidad o una conclusión lógica.
Ex:
All the people are leaving, it must be time for them to do it.
She isn´t here, so she must´t want to go with us.
She has gotten a new job, she must like it.
3) Una obligación moral.
Ex:
Sometimes people must believe in something to be happy in their lives.
4) Una prohibición.
Ex:
The doctor told me I mustn´t smoke or drink alcohol.
Ought to and had better:
"ought to" (ougt tu) (debí, debiste, debiera, debieras) = expresa una recomendación fuerte o una obligación muy personal.
Ex:
I ought to write more often to my best friends.
She ought not to smoke a lot because she may die.
You ought not to make me get angry, it may be dangerous for you.
I ought to have done my work when i could.
"had better" (jad beder) (seria mejor que, mas vale que) = expresa un fuerte consejo o una advertencia.
Ex:
You had better do it as she says (sería mejor que tú lo hicieras como ella dice).
You had better not to smoke in a gasoline station, it may burn the station. (seria mejor que tu no fumes en una estación de gasolina, puede encender la estación)
Nota: recuerde que existe "there be" (hay), en este caso, el auxiliar o modal se coloca en medio de "there" y "be".
Ex:
There will be another chance (habrá otra oportunidad).
There would be 2 persons in that place the other day.
(habría dos personas en ese lugar el otro día)
There must be many good lessons in this course.
(debe haber muchas buenas lecciones en este curso)
There may be lots of difficult questions in the exam.
(puede haber montones de preguntas difíciles en el examen)
Advanced 1 english practice, unit 7
"auxiliary verbs or modals"
Guess what auxiliary verb fits in the blanks:
1) i ________ be there at 7:00 pm o´clock.
2) __________ you help me please?
3) she _________n´t lend any money to me.
4) i _________ take the car to the mechanic but i am very tired.
5) we ___________ do our homework but i never have time.
6) she ___________ visit her grandmother but she doesn´t have time.
7) he __________ speak english very well 3 years ago.
8) we __________n´t afford the car which he liked.
9) ________ you speak louder than she does?
10) _________ he do his work so well as she did it?
11) it ________ rain this afternoon because the sky is cloudy.
12) he said that he _________ open the windows.
13) it _________ snow in Veracruz this winter.
14) he told me that he __________ tell you the truth.
15) she isn´t here, so she _______n´t want to go with us.
16) she has gotten a new job, she ________ like it.
17) the doctor told me I ______n´t smoke or drink alcohol.
18) you _________ not to make me get angry, it _____ be dangerous for you.
19) there _______ be another chance.
20) there ___________ be 2 persons in that place the other day.
53. El uso de already y yet
The use of already and yet
(de ius ov olwredi and yet)
(el uso de already y yet)
"already" (olwredi) (ya) = se usa en oraciones positivas e interrogativas para expresar que una acción ya ha ocurrido o que ya se lleva o llevo a cabo.
Ex:
It is already noon and they haven´t come.
I have already eaten.
Has the class already begun?.
I already did what you asked me to.
"yet" (yet) (todavía, aun) = se usa en oraciones negativas e interrogativas para expresar que una acción todavía no ha ocurrido o aun no ha pasado. En algunas ocasiones se usa en fases afirmativas, con significado de "aun o todavía".
Ex:
There are lots of things that you have yet to experience.
Have the classes begun yet?. R = no, not yet.
They arenot here yet.
He hasn´t eaten yet.
Have you already done your work?.
R = yes, I already have done it. Or r = no, i haven´t done it yet.
Advanced 1 english practice, unit 7
"already and yet"
Complete these sentences:
1) has the class __________ begun?.
2) i ___________ did what you asked me to.
3) they arenot here _______.
4) he hasn´t eaten _________.
5) there are lots of things that you have ________ to experience.
54. Discurso directo e indirecto
Direct and indirect speech
(direct and indirect spi..ch)
(discurso directo e indirecto)
"direct speech" = el discurso directo se usa para expresar algo directamente, es lo que una persona dice o nos dice directamente.
Ex:
I am tired.
I am going to Cancún this weekend.
"simple indirect speech" = el discurso indirecto simple es un reporte simple que damos o que nos dan de lo que una persona dijo.
Ex:
You) John said "I am tired".
Mary) the other day you told me "I donot like going to my house" and now you are going.
"complete indirect speech" = el discurso o reporte indirecto completo se usa para comunicarle a una persona lo que otra persona dijo.
Ex:
John) I am tired. = frase directa.
You tell another person) John said he was tired!. = frase o reporte indirecto.
Rules:
1) Si en una frase directa se usa la acción "to be", entonces en el reporte indirecto se usa el pasado de "to be" (was, were).
Ex:
Be ------ was / were.
To be going to ------- was / were going to.
Frase directa: I am tired.
Frase indirecta: he said that he was tired.
She is going to travel to Acapulco.
- She said that she was going to travel to Acapulco.
2) Si en la frase directas se usa: ---- entonces en las frases indirectas se usa:
Can ---- could.
May ---- might.
Will ---- would.
Simple present ---- simple past.
simple past
Present perfect past perfect.
past perfect
Ex:
Frase directa) I can do that.
Frase indirecta) he said that he could do that.
I will kiss her.
- He said that he would kiss her.
I may ask her.
- He said that he might ask her.
I always do it.
- He said that he always did it.
She has always good ideas.
- He said that she always had good ideas.
I already did my homework.
- He said that he alredy had done his homework.
I have done plenty of exercise recently.
- She said that she had done plenty of exercise recently.
I had seen that face.
- She said that she had seen that face.
3) Si queremos decir a una persona lo que otra persona pregunto, usamos "asked + la palabra interrogativa correspondiente", y luego aplicamos la regla 1 y 2:
Ex:
Frase directa) where did you go last night?.
Frase indirecta) he asked where you had gone last night.
Where have you been?
- She asked where you had been.
What are you doing?
- He asked what you were doing.
4) Si no se utiliza una palabra interrogativa en la pregunta, entonces solo usamos "asked + if", y luego lógicamente la regla 1 y 2:
Ex:
Do you know her?
- He asked if you knew her.
Did you go to the cinema?
- He asked if you had gone to the cinema.
Have you finished your work?.
- He asked if you had finished your work.
Had you been sick?.
- He asked if you had been sick.
Advanced 1 english practice, unit 7
"indirect speech"
Make the appropiate indirect speech of each one of the following sentences:
1) I will kiss her. _____________________________
2) I may ask her. _____________________________
3) I always do it. ____________________________
4) she has always good ideas. __________________________________
5) I already did my homework. __________________________________
6) I have done plenty of exercise recently. _______________________________
7) I had seen that face. _________________________________
8) where have you been? __________________________________
9) what are you doing? ____________________________________
10) do you know her? _____________________________________
11) did you go to the cinema? _________________________________
12) have you finished your work?. _______________________________
13) had you been sick?. ____________________________
55. Modales en pasado
Modals in past
(modals in past)
(modales en pasado)
Para expresar el pasado con los modales o verbos auxiliares, se usa...
Modal + have + una acción en pasado participio.
Ex:
She could have gone to the party yesterday.
(shi culd jav gon tu de parti yesterdei)
(ella pudo haber ido a la fiesta ayer)
I will have had 2 years working here next sunday.
(ai wil jav jad tu yi..rs working ji..r next sondei)
(yo abre tenido 2 años trabajando aquí el próximo domingo)
I would have participated in that conference.
(ai wuld jav participeitid in dat conferens)
(yo habría participado en esa conferencia)
I would have been able to do it too.
(ai wuld jav bi..n eibl tu du it tu..)
(yo habría podido hacerlo también)
You might have won the lottery with that ticket!.
(iu maigt jav won de lotewri wid dat tiket)
(yo podría haber ganado la lotería con ese boleto)
They should have seen the doctor last month.
(dei shuld jav si..n de doctor last mond)
(ellos deberían haber visto el doctor el mes pasado)
You should have done what I told you.
We might have talked to them, but I don´t remember.
You must have believed on god when you saw it.
He ought to have had one gun for his self defence when the robber tried to steal his house.
Advanced 1 english practice, unit 7
"modals in past"
Complete these sentences according to the word in parenthesis:
1) I ___________________________(habría podido) to do it too.
2) you _____________________(pudiste haber ganado) the lottery with that ticket!.
3) they ___________________ (deberían haber visto) the doctor last month.
4) we _____________________(pudimos haber hablado) to them, but I don´t remember.
5) you already ___________________(debes haber creído) on god, after having found him inside you.
The use of "too, so, either, and neither"
(de ius ov "tu.., Sou, ider, and nider"
(el uso de "too, so, either, y neither"
"too" y "so" (también) = se usan para expresar 2 acciones idénticas, y se usan en frases afirmativas; tienen el mismo significado, pero su orden en una oración es diferente.
Ex:
She is hungry (ella esta hambrienta).
I am too (yo estoy también).
So am I (también lo estoy yo).
Note que dependiendo de tiempo gramatical y/o verbo auxiliar que se usen en la primera oración, de eso dependerá la construcción de las demás fases que llevan "too y so":
Ex:
I can do it (él puede hacerlo).
He can too (él puede también).
So can he (así puede él, también puede él).
He likes to drink (a él le gusta beber).
I do too (yo lo hago también).
So do I (así lo hace él, también lo hago yo).
He went to the cinema (él fue a el cine).
I did too (yo lo hice también).
So did I (también lo hice yo).
She will go there (ella ira allá).
He will do it too = he will too (él lo hará también).
So will he (también lo hará él).
I have been studying. She has too. So has she.
You should come with us. They should too. So should they.
We could see it. He could too. So could he.
"either y neither" (tampoco) = se usan en frases negativas y expresan dos acciones idénticas; también tienen el mismo significado pero su orden en la oración es diferente.
Ex:
He isnot happy (el no es feliz).
I am not either (yo no soy tampoco).
Neither am I (tampoco lo soy yo).
I donot like rats. She doesn´t either. Neither does she.
We won´t go there. He won´t either. Neither will he.
I can´t help him. They can´t either. Neither can they.
She hasn´t bought it. You haven´t either. Neither have you.
Advanced 1 english practice, unit 7
"too, so, either, and neither"
Use what you have learned in this subject with these sentences, use the person you prefer to build those new 2 sentences.
Ex:
She is hungry. ___I am too._____ __so am i___
1) I can do it. _________________ ___________________
2) he likes to drink. __________________ ______________________
3) he went to the cinema. __________________ _____________________
4) she will go there. ___________________ ____________________
5) I have been studying. ___________________ _____________________
6) you should come with us. __________________ ______________________
7) we could see it. ___________________ ______________________
8) he isnot happy. _________________ ___________________
9) I donot like rats. _________________ ____________________
10) we won´t go there. _________________ ____________________
11) I can´t help him. _________________ ____________________
12) she hasn´t bought it. _________________ ___________________
56. Voz activa y voz pasiva
Active voice and passive voice
(activ vois and pasiv vois)
(voz activa y voz pasiva)
Voz activa = es cuando una persona realiza una acción directamente, o cuando la acción cae directamente sobre tal persona.
Ex:
He visits the park every day.
We sing a song.
Voz pasiva = es cuando una persona recibe la acción o la acción recae indirectamente en la persona.
Para construir la voz pasiva = (to be + acción en pasado. P.)
Example with simple present:
Voz activa) the hunter chases the tiger.
Voz pasiva) the tiger is chased by him.
With present progressive:
Activa) he is chasing the tiger.
Pasiva) the tiger is being chased by him.
With simple past:
A) He chased the tiger.
P) the tiger was chased by him.
With past progressive:
A) He was chasing the tiger.
P) the tiger was being chased by him.
With simple future:
A) He will chase the tiger.
P) the tiger will be chased by him.
With idiomatic future:
A) He is going to chase the tiger.
P) the tiger is going to be chased by him.
With modals or auxiliary verbs:
A) I should study french.
P) french should be studied by me.
A) I must do my duties.
P) duties must be done by me.
With present perfect:
A) He has chased the tiger.
P) the tiger has been chased by him.
With past perfect:
A) He had chased the tiger.
P) the tiger had been chased by him.
Advanced 1 english practice, unit 7
"passive voice"
The active voice sentence is given to you, you have to make a passive voice sentence from each one of them:
1) the hunter chases the tiger. ______________________________
2) he is chasing the tiger. __________________________
3) he chased the tiger. _________________________
4) he was chasing the tiger. ________________________
5) He will chase the tiger. ______________________
6) He is going to chase the tiger. _______________________
7) I should study french. _______________________
8) I must do my duties. ______________________
9) He has chased the tiger. _______________________
10) He had chased the tiger. ________________________
57. The use of would rather, would prefer and would mind.
"would rather" and "would prefer" (wuld wrader and wuld prefer) = las dos frases significan "preferirían", pero su usan de forma diferente en una oración.
Ex:
I would rather go to the cinema than go to dance.
I would prefer going to the cinema than going to dance.
"would mind" (wuld maind) (importaría?) = se usa de forma directa e indirecta para preguntar si a alguien no le importaría o molestaría que realizáramos una acción.
Ex:
Forma directa:
You said) would you mind doing exercise after eating?
(¿le importaría hacer ejercicio después de comer?)
Another person told you) yes, I would mind (si, me importaría) = I canot do it.
Or the same person told you) no, I wouldn´t mind (no, no me importaría) = I can do it.
Forma indirecta:
You said) would you mind if I went to the bathroom?
(¿le importaría si yo fuera al baño?)
Another person told you) yes, I would mind