Ex:
I want to have as much money as he has.
(ai want tu jav as moch moni as ji jas)
(yo quiero tener tanto dinero como él tiene)
I like the car as much as the house.
(ai laik de car as moch as de jaus)
(me gusta el carro tanto como la casa)
I have to speak english as much as you do it.
(ai jav tu spi..k inglish as moch as iu du it)
(yo tengo que hablar inglés tanto como tu lo haces)
"as much as" = significa "tanto como", pero como conector significa "aunque, a pesar de que":
Ex:
as much as he likes to be with them, he can´t (as moch as ji laiks tu bi wid dem, je cant) (a pesar de que a él le gusta estar con ellos, el no puede).
"how much...? (jau moch...?) (cuánto/a...?).
Ex:
How much money do you want?.
(jau moch moni du iu want?)
(¿cuánto dinero quieres?)
"little by little (litl bai litl) (poco a poco)".
"just a little (yost a litl) (solo un poco)".
"many (meni) (muchos/as)" y "a few (a fiu) (unos o unas pocos/as; se traduce frecuente mente como "algunos/as)" = se usan con sustantivos en plural y/o con contables.
Ex:
I have many friends because first I am a friend.
(ai jav meni frends bicos first ai am a frend)
(yo tengo muchos amigos porque primero yo soy un amigo)
Many things are difficult this days.
(meni dings ar dificult dis deis)
(muchas cosas son difíciles estos días)
I am going to see you many times in this month.
(ai am gouing tu si iu meni taims in dis mond)
(yo voy a verte muchas veces en este mes)
A company is going to buy a few cars for its workers.
(a compani is gouing tu bai a fiu cars for its workers)
(una compañía va a comprar unos pocos o algunos carros para sus trabajadores)
A few things (a fiu dings) (unas pocas cosas, algunas cosas).
A few apples (a fiu apls) (unas cuantas manzanas).
"few" solo significa "pocos/as":
Ex:
I always have few problems with people, but I have a friend of mine that has fewer problems than I have /do.
He wants to buy many t. v.s., because he wants to sell them, but he has only a few dollars, so he can not do it.
"many" y "few" en expresiones o modismos:
"too many (tu meni) (demasiados/as)":
Ex:
I have to do too many things today.
(ai jav tu du tu meni dings tudei)
(yo tengo que hacer demasiadas cosas hoy)
"so many (sou meni) (muchísimos/as; tantos/as)":
Ex:
Rich fathers usually have to do so many duties.
(rich faders ushuali jav tu du sou meni diutis)
(los padres ricos usualmente tienen que hacer tantos deberes)
"as many. . . As (sustantivo en plural/contable)" = "tantos/as. . . Como":
Ex:
I want to have as many books as you have.
(ai want tu jav as meni buks as iu jav)
(yo quiero tener tantos libros como tu tienes)
My children are going to have as many toys as they want.
(mai children ar gouing tu jav as meni tois as dei want)
(mis niños van a tener tantos jugetes como ellos quieran)
"as many as" = "tantos/as como":
Ex:
He is always taking many photos as many as his friend.
(ji is olweis teiking meni fotos as meni as jis frend)
(el siempre esta tomando muchas fotos tantas como su amigo)
"how many...? (jau meni...?) (cuántos/as...?):
Ex:
How many hotels are there in this city?.
(jau meni joutels ar der in dis ciri?)
(cuantos hoteles hay en esta ciudad?)
"the use of "several, a great deal, a lot of, lots of, and plenty of":
"several (several) (varios)" = sinónimo de many:
Ex:
There are several interesting things around the world.
(der ar several intristing dings awraund de world)
(hay varias cosas interesantes alrededor del mundo)
"a great deal of (a greit di..l ov) (mucho, bastante)" = se puede usar con sustantivos en singular o en plural.
Ex:
Every day I learn a great deal of english words.
(evri dei ai le..rn a greit di..l ov inglish words)
(cada día yo aprendo bastantes palabras inglesas)
"a lot of (a lot ov); lots of (lots ov); y plenty of (plenti ov)" = significan "un montón de, montones de, mucho de o una abundancia de", se usan con sustantivos contables o incontables, no importa si están en singular o plural:
Ex:
A lot of time ago. A lot of things
(a lot ov taim agou) (a lot ov dings)
(hace un montón de tiempo) (un montón de cosas)
Lots of money. Lots of books.
Plenty of exercise. Plenty of efforts.
(plenti ov exersais) (plenti ov eforts)
(un montón de ejercicio) (un montón de esfuerzos)
Intermediate 1 english practice, unit 5 "quantifiers":
Complete the following sentences with "some, any, much, many, a little, a few, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, as necessary:
1) Here there is ________ money if you need it.
2) Do you have ________ house over here?.
3) Is there _________ good hotel in this town?.
4) I donot have _________ money right now!.
5) Does she want ________ sugar?.
6) I want to tell you _________ things before you go.
7) Do you want I put ________ of sugar in your coffee?, Or just a little?.
8) He doesn´t have ________ time for doing that!.
9) She calls me _________ times to go to the cinema to see _________ movies.
10) _________ teachers have _________ of patience with the students.
11) He is not going to die as long as he takes __________ medicines.
12) I think I am going to be very tired because I have _________ of work.
Practice putting the following sentences in the correct word order:
1) (black, dress, pretty, wool). . . . . . . . Is at the laundry.
2) The library has. . . . . . . . (english, easy, books, very, several).
3) Mrs. Johns has . . . . . . (suit, pretty, a, green, very).
4) (there, bills, one-dollar, new, five). . . . . . . . . . Are for you.
5) The church has . . . . . . . (pictures, very, old, some, spanish).
34. Very and too
"very (vewri) (muy)" = se usa para expresar que algo es posible llegar a hacerlo o algo que, dentro de lo posible, puede pasar u ocurrir:
Ex:
This coffe is very hot, but I can drink it.
(dis cofi is vewri jot, bot ai can drink it)
(este café esta muy caliente, pero yo puedo tomármelo)
Otros usos de "very":
Very = significa "mismo/a" cuando no va después de la acción "to be", puede ir con "the, this, etc.":
Ex:
I am going to visit my friend this very night.
(ai am gouing tu visit mai frend dis vewri naigt)
(voy a visitar a mi amigo esta misma noche)
You always want to watch t. V. At the very moment in which I want to do it.
(iu olweis want tu watch ti. Vi. At de vewri moument in wich ai want tu du it)
(tu siempre quieres ver t. V. En el mismo momento en el cual yo quiero hacerlo)
"too (tu) (muy, demasiado)" = se usa para expresar que algo es imposible hacerlo, que algo es excesivo, que no puede pasar o que no se puede hacer:
Ex:
This coffe is too hot, so I can´t drink it.
(dis cofi is tu jot, sou ai cant drink it)
(este café esta muy/demasiado caliente, así que yo no puedo tomármelo)
This car is too expensive for me to buy it.
(dis car is tu expensiv for mi tu bai it)
(este carro es demasiado caro para que yo lo compre)
She is 3 years old, she is too young to understand this.
(shi is dri.. Yi..rs old, shi is tu yong tu understand this)
(ella tiene 3 años de edad, ella es muy joven para entender esto)
Nota: no confundir "too" de este tema, con el otro "too" que significa "también".
Otras expresiones o modismos muy útiles:
Long (long) (como adj. Significa "largo", pero como adv. Significa "tiempo, mucho tiempo).
"too long (tu long) (demasiado largo, demasiado tiempo)":
Ex:
Don´t be too long (dont bi tu long) (no estés demasiado tiempo o no demores).
All night long (ol naigt long) (a lo largo de toda la noche o toda la noche).
"no longer (nou longer) (no mas tiempo, ya no o ya no mas tiempo)":
Ex:
She is no longer going to Veracruz on vacations.
(shi is nou longer gouing tu Veracruz on vakeishions)
(ella ya no va a ir a Veracruz de vacaciones)
"at last (at last) (al fin, finalmente)".
"at first (at first) (al principio)".
"for sure (for shu..r) (de seguro, de aseguro)".
"at least (at li..st) (por lo menos, al menos)".
"as long as (as long as) (tanto tiempo como o tan largo como)":
Ex:
I am going to be here as long as you are.
(ai am gouing tu bi jir as long as iu ar)
(yo voy a estar aquí tanto tiempo como tú estés)
This skirt is as long as your sister´s.
(dis skirt is as long as iur sisters)
(esta falda es tan larga como la de tu hermana)
"as long as" = como un conector significa "mientras, con tal de que, con tal que o con tal de":
Ex:
They love to go with him as long as not to be with me.
(dei lov tu gou wid jim as long as not tu bi wid mi)
(ellos aman ir con él con tal de no estar conmigo)
You can stay with us as long as you don´t spoil the party.
(iu can stei wid os as long as you dont spoil de pari)
(tú puedes quedarte con nosotros con tal de que / mientras no arruines la fiesta)
"just (yost)" = como adj. Significa "justo, exacto":
Ex:
It is going to happen just in this moment.
(it is gouing tu japen yost in dis moument)
(va a pasar justo en este momento)
"just" = como adv. Significa "solo, solamente, exactamente":
Ex:
Just do it (yost du it) (solo hazlo).
If you don´t study english well, it is just your problem.
(if iu dont studi inglish wel, it is yost iur problem)
(si tú no estudias bien inglés, es solo tu problema)
It´s just that . . . (its yost dat. . .) (es solo que. . .).
"just" = se usa también para decir que algo acaba de pasar o de ocurrir.
Ex:
Just married (yost mawrid) (recien casados).
He is just tired (ji is yost taird) (se acaba de cansar).
"hardly (jardli) (dificilmente, duramente)".
Hard (adj) = duro, dificil. Hard (adv) = arduamente.
Ex:
I make a hard effort (ai meik a jard efort) (yo hago un duro esfuerzo.
I study hard (ai studi jard) (yo estudio duro).
I can hardly do it as she does it.
(ai can jardli du it as shi dos it)
(yo difícilmente puedo hacerlo como ella lo hace)
"barely (berli) (apenas)":
Ex:
I am barely just hungry. I barely can do that
(ai am berli yost jungri) (ai berli can du dat)
(apenas me acaba de dar hambre) (yo apenas puedo hacer eso).
Intermediate 1 english practice, unit 5, "very and too".
Complete these sentences with "very" or "too":
1) I prefer a small town, Los Angeles is _________ big for me.
2) It is ________ cold in the winter, but I like it.
3) I cannot study now, I am ________ tired.
4) I think it is about to rain because the sky is ________ black.
5) You need to be more than 18 years to drive alone, now you are only 16 years old, so you are ________ young to drive my car.
Conversation, answer these questions:
1) Can you read a lot of english now?.
2) Can you drive a car with your eyes closed?.
3) Can you make a lot of sentences with what you know now and in the order you want?.
4) Can you dance all night long?.
5) What are the things you have to do before you can go out and have fun?.
6) What do you have to do before you can kiss someone?.
35. Calificadores
Qualifiers
(cualifaiers)
(calificadores)
Los adverbios aparte de calificar a las acciones, también pueden calificar a los adjetivos o incluso a otro adverbio.
"very" es un adv. Que califica a un adjetivo:
"very (vewri) = pretty (priti) = rather (wrader)": estas 3 palabras significan "muy o bastante" y son adverbios.
Ex:
I am very happy (ai am vewri japi) (yo estoy muy feliz).
You have a pretty nice car (iu jav a priti nais car) (tú tienes un muy bonito auto).
My new shirt is pretty warm (mai niu shirt is priti warm) (mi camisa nueva es muy tibia).
It is rather late (it is wrader leit) (es bastante/muy tarde).
Are they pretty sure of what they are saying?
(ar dei priti shur ov jwat dei ar seing?)
(¿Están ellos muy seguros de lo que están diciendo?)
"enough" y "too"
Como ya vimos "too" significa "muy, demasiado, también" y es un adverbio.
Ex:
He is too young to be here watching this.
adj.
I need to have a lot of money too.
"too bad (tu bad) (que malo, demasiado malo, que mala suerte, una lástima).
Ex:
It is too bad that you´re not coming with us.
(it is tu bad dat iur not coming wid os)
(es una lastima que tu no vengas con nosotros)
"enough (inof)" = como un adj. Significa "suficiente", y siempre se pone antes de un sustantivo.
Ex:
Now I have enough money to buy those buildings.
(nau ai jav inof moni tu bai dous bildings)
(ahora tengo suficiente dinero para comprar esos edificios)
"enough" = como un adv. Significa "suficientemente, bastante", y siempre se pone después de un adjetivo.
Ex:
She is pretty enough for him to kiss her.
(shi is priti inof for jim tu kis jer)
(ella es bastante bonita para que él la bese)
Jessy has 20 dollars, she wants to buy apples and tomatoes, but apples are 15 dollar a kilo, and the tomatoes are 25 dollars a kilo; so, the apples are cheap enough for her to buy, and the tomatoes are too expensive for her to buy.
"quite" y "also":
"also (olso)" = es el sinónimo de "too" cuando significa "también", y se puede poner al principio o al final de una oración. Too = also = as well = también.
Ex:
I also like to go shopping. (ai olso laik tu gou shoping) (a mi también me gusta ir de compras)
as well.
We are going to pass that exam too
also.
(ui ar gouing tu pas dat exam /as wel/; /tu/; /olso) (nosotros vamos a pasar ese examen también).
"quite (cuait)" = adv. sinónimo de "very, rather, pretty".
Ex:
My house is quite big.
(mai jous is cuait big)
(mi casa es bastante grande)
Nota: no confundir con el adj. Quiet (kuaiet) (callado, tranquilo, discreto).
Ex:
Please, be quiet because I can´t hear the class.
(pli..s, bi cuaiet bicos ai cant ji..r de cals)
(por favor, cállate porque no puedo oír la clases)
"the auxiliary verbs: can, may, have to, must, should y ought to"
Se consideran "auxiliares" porque nos auxilian o ayudan a darle cierto sentido o significado a una oración.
"can (can) (poder)", no debe confundirse con la acción "to be able (tu bi eibl) (ser capaz o poder)".
Con la acción "to be able" y con el auxiliar "can" se expresa una habilidad.
Ex:
I can do it (ai can du it) (yo puedo hacerlo).
I am able to do it (ai am eibl tu du it) (yo puedo hacerlo).
Reglas de los auxiliares:
1) Los auxiliares se escriben igual para todas las personas.
2) Primero se pone la persona, luego el auxiliar y después la acción sin pluralizar (para todas las personas).
Ex:
I can kiss her. He can do it. She can kiss her. It can do it.
3) Después de un auxiliar, las acciones "be" y "have" no cambian su forma ni se dividen como lo hacen normalmente con las personas.
Ex:
I can be a good student. He can have a lot of money.
"cannot = can´t" = se usa para negar.
Ex:
She can´t do it (shi cant do it) (ella no puede hacerlo).
He can´t open the door (ji cant oupen de do..r) (el no puede abrir la puerta).
Para preguntar, solo se pone primero el auxiliar, luego la persona y luego la acción.
Ex:
what can I do for you? (jwat can ai du for iu?) (¿que puedo yo hacer por usted?).
Can she speak english as you do it?.
(can shi spi..k inglish as iu du it?)
(¿puede ella hablar inglés como tu lo haces?)
When can I go to my house?.
How can she do that?.
Where can I meet you for going to the cinema?.
"may (mei) (poder, permitir)" = se usa para expresar permiso o posibilidad en un 60% posible.
Ex:
I may travel by train to México (ai mei travel bai trein tu México) (yo puedo "posiblemente" viajar por tren a México).
He may kiss her this evening.
(ji mei kis jer dis ivining)
(él puede "posiblemente" besarla esta noche)
It may rain in cos. Ver. This day.
(it mei wrein in cos. Ver. Dis dei)
(puede llover en cos. Ver este día)
May I dance with you?
(mei ai dans wid iu?)
(¿puedo bailar contigo? "permiso"
May I have a glass of water?.
(mei ai jav a glas ov woter?)
(¿puedo tener un baso de agua? "en el sentido de que nos lo den"
"must (most) (beber)" = expresa una obligación o una probabilidad.
Ex:
I must go now = I have to go now.
(ai most gou nau = ai jav tu gou nau)
(yo debo irme ahora = yo tengo que irme ahora "expresa obligación"
He must do it tonight.
(ji most du it tunaigt)
(el debe hacerlo esta noche)
I must go to the school.
(ai most gou tu de sku..l)
(yo debo ir a la escuela)
It must be 9:00 o´clock because the shop is closed.
(it most bi nain oclock bicaus de shop is cloust)
(deben de ser las nueve en punto porque la tienda esta cerrada "expresa probabilidad"
You study a lot, so you must pass the exam.
(iu studi a lot, sou iu most pas di exam)
(tu estudias un montón, así que tu debes pasar el examen)
I must be able to do this.
(ai most bi eibl tu du dis)
(yo debo poder hacer esto)
Nota: después de cualquier auxiliar, siempre la acción "to be" y "to have" se escriben tal y como son en su forma simple, es decir, no se dividen como lo hacen junto con las personas del sujeto.
Ex:
I must be late, I have to go now.
(ai most bi leit, ai jav to go)
(debo de estar retrazado, me tengo que ir)
She can have a lot of things if she wants.
(shi can jav a lot ov dings if shi wants)
(ella puede tener un montón de cosas si ella quiere)
He must have all the books you are looking for.
(ji most jav ol de buks iu ar luking for)
(él bebe tener todos los libros que tu estas buscando)
They may be here tomorrow (dei mei bi jir tumowrou) (ellos pueden "posiblemente" estar aquí mañana).
You may have a lot of money, but I can be more intelligent.
(iu mei jav a lot ov moni, bot ai can bi mor inteliyent)
(tú puedes tener un montón de dinero, pero yo puedo ser más inteligente)
"mustnot = mustn´t (mosent) (no beber)" = expresa una prohibicion.
Ex:
You mustn´t go there, it may be dangerous.
(iu mosent gou der, it mei bi denyeros)
(tú no debes ir alli, puede ser peligroso)
Para preguntar, solo se pone primero "must", después la "persona del sujeto", y luego la acción.
Ex:
Must I do these things?
(most ai du des dings?)
(¿debo yo hacer estas cosas?)
"should (shuld o shu..d) (debería)" = expresa una recomendación, una opinión o una sugerencia.
Ex:
+) I should do my homework every day.
(ai shu..d du mai jomwork evri dei)
(yo debería hacer mi tarea cada día)
He should be here on time, not in time.
(ji shu..d bi jir on taim, not in taim)
(el debería estar aquí puntualmente, no a tiempo)
She should do a lot of exercise, because she is getting fat.
(shi shu..d du a lot ov exersais, bicos shi is geting fat)
(ella debería hacer un montón de ejercicio, porque se esta poniendo gorda)
-) you shouldn´t smoke here.
(iu shu..dent smoud jir)
(tú no beberías fumar aquí)
She shouldn´t kill animals.
(shi shu..dent kil animals)
(ella no bebería matar animales)
?) Should I see a doctor every month?.
(shu..d ai si.. A doctor evri mond?)
(¿debería yo ver a un doctor cada mes?)
Should I go with them?
(shu..d ai gou wid dem?)
(¿debería yo ir con ellos?)
What should I do for you to love me?
(jwat shu..d ai du for iu tu lov mi?)
(¿qué debería hacer para que tú me ames?)
"ought to (ougt tu) (debiera)" = expresa una obligación moral, una consecuencia lógica o una obligación muy personal.
Ex:
+) I ought to write some letters to my best friends.
(ai ougt tu wrait som leders tu mai best frends)
(yo debiera escribir algunas cartas a mis mejores amigos)
She ought to do it as she is saying.
(shi ougt tu du it as shi is seing)
(ella debiera de hacerlo como esta diciendo)
This ought to be easy.
(dis ougt tu bi i..si)
(esto debiera ser fácil)
The winners ought to be them.
(de winers ougt tu bi dem)
(los ganadores debieran ser ellos)
-) I ought not to be here.
(ai ougt not tu bi jir)
(yo no debiera estar aquí)
?) Ought I to do that for her?
(ougt ai tu du dat for jer?)
(¿debiera yo hacer eso por ella?).
Intermediate 1 english practice, unit 5, " qualifiers and the auxiliary verbs".
Complete the following sentences as necessary using the qualifiers and the auxiliary verbs:
1) It is _______ late for me to go there.
2) Are you _______ sure that he is coming here with us?.
3) It is ________ cold in here, isn´t it?.
4) It is necessary to be 18 years old to drive a car, harry is 17 and bill is 21. So. . . Harry is ________ young to drive, and bill is old ___________ to drive.
5) Mary is 97 cms tall, she knows that one person has to be 100 cms tall to ride a bicycle, and 95 cms tall to ride a small horse. So. . . Mary is _______ young to ride a bicycle, but she is short _________ to ride a small horse.
6) You ________ have to study very hard to be like i am.
7) The next english course is going to be ________ hard.
8) You are having problems with your friends, so you __________ talk to them.
9) _______ I dance with you?.
10) She _________ go into her house early today because it _______ be dangerous to be at this hour on the street.
11) What you _________ do if you want to pass this course?.
12) The sky is dark, I think that it _______ rain.
13) He _______ want to eat because he is very hungry.
Practice this dialogue with another person:
1) Good evening, we need a table for 2 please.
2) Donot worry, come with me, follow me please.
1) Here it is perfect, thanks!. Oh!, Waiter!.
2) Yes?, What can i do for you?, What do you want me to do for you?, What do you want for dinner?.
1) Tell us what you have please.
2) Well, here is the menu, you can choose what you want and wish.
1) Let me see, I am not sure, bring me a big lemonade jar first please. Then, I want you to bring me a "tampiqueña" without chile and some pie for dissert.
3) I want first onion soup, then spaguetti with tuna fish, but hurry up!, Because I am too hungry.
2) Donot worry, I am going to bring your order in less than 10 minutes.
1 y 3) thank you very much!.
36. Unidad 6. Futuro idiomático, futuro simple, y futuro continuo
Idiomatic future, simple future, and continuous future.
(idiomatic fiutur, simpl fiutur, and continius fiutur)
(futuro idiomático, futuro simple, y futuro continuo)
"idiomatic future" = se usa para expresar una intención o un plan definitivo en el futuro inmediato, y como ya habíamos visto, se usa siempre la acción "to be going to".
Ex:
It is going to rain this weekend.
(it is gouing tu wrein dis wikend)
(va a llover este fin de semana)
They are going to travel to Cancún this month.
(dei ar gouing tu travel tu Cancún dis mond)
(ellos van a viajar a Cancún este mes)
She is going to visit you in one week.
(shi is gouing tu visit iu in wuan wik)
(ella va a visitarte en una semana)
Las expresiones que comúnmente se pueden utilizar con este tiempo son:
This day. This month.
This week. This weekend.
In 2 days. Tomorrow (tumowrou) (mañana).
Y cualquier otra oracion que exprese un futuro inmediato.
Para negación e interrogación en este tiempo, solo se aplica la misma regla que se aplica con la acción "to be".
Ex:
I am not going to your house tomorrow.
Are you coming with us this saturday?.
"simple future" = expresa un plan o una acción que probablemente se realizara en un futuro lejano, es decir, no es seguro que pase o suceda, es este tiempo solo se pone la persona, luego "will (wil) (el cual es un palabra que nos ayuda a darle sentido de futuro a una acción)", y después una acción en su forma simple, recuerde que "will" es un auxiliar y por eso la acción no se pluraliza con "he, she o it".
Ex:
+) I will work next week.
(ai wil work next wik)
(yo trabajare la siguiente semana)
He will go to México next month if he is free.
(ji wil gou tu México next mond if ji is fri..)
(el ira a México el siguiente mes si esta libre)
It will eat its food if it wants.
(it wil i..t its fud if it wants)
(comerá su comida si quiere)
-) I won´t go on vacations with you next summer.
(ai wont gou on vakeishions wid iu next somer)
(yo no iré de vacaciones con ustedes el siguiente verano)
She won´t want to do it.
(shi wont want tu du it)
(ella no querrá hacerlo)
?) Will he watch t. v. With his sons?
(wil ji wotch ti. vi. Wid jis sons?)
(¿vera el t. v. Con sus hijos?)
Es este tiempo se usan todas las frases que expresen un futuro lejano.
Ex:
Next week, next month, next year, in 5 years, etc.
"continuous future" = expresa un plan o una acción segura en el futuro remoto o lejano, es decir, es seguro que pase o suceda dicha acción; la estructura de la oración en este tiempo es:
Cualquier persona + will + be + acción "forma simple, sin pluralizar" + ing + when / until + oración en presente simple.
Ex:
+) I will be waiting for you until you arrive.
(ai wil bi weiting for iu ontil iu awraiv)
(yo estaré esperando por ti hasta que tu llegues)
She will be playing the guitar when he comes.
(shi wil bi pleing de guitar jwen ji coms)
(ella estará tocando la guitarra cuando él venga)
Para negar solo se cambia "will" por "won´t", y para preguntar primero se pone "will + persona + be + . . .?".
Ex:
I won´t be waiting for you until you arrive.
Will she be playing the guitar when he comes?.
En ocasiones suceden dos acciones en el futuro al mismo tiempo, en ese caso solo debemos usar los conectores "and", "while (wail) (mientras)", "meanwhile (mi..nwail) (mientras tanto)" o "in the meantime (in de mi..ntaim) (de mientras)".
Ex:
I will go to that city, in the meantime you will wait here for me.
Entermediate 2 english practice, unit 6 "the future"
Complete the following sentences according to the given information:
1) The sky is getting dark, so, it _______________ to rain this afternoon.
2) I am leaving today because I ________________ visit my relatives tomorrow in Cancún.
3) It is not sure, but I think I ____________ go to school until next month.
4) Next summer, they __________ crash their car again as the last one, because they already know how to drive carefully.
5) I ______________there when you arrive from usa.
6) When he comes, she ______________ playing the piano in her house.
37. Do and make
"do (du) (hacer)" = se refiere a una actividad fisica o mental.
Ex:
Do me a favor (du mi a feivor).
Do time (du taim) (hacer tiempo).
Do a service (du a servis) (hacer un servicio).
Do the homework (du de jomwork) (hacer la tarea).
Do the dishes (du de dishes) (limpiar los platos).
Do exercise (du exersais) (hacer ejercicio).
Do body activities (do bodi activitis) (hacer actividades corporales).
Do the shopping (du de shoping) (hacer las compras).
Do the best (du de best) (hacer lo mejor).
Do one´s best. "one´s" representa cualquier "possessive adjectives".
Do the cleaning (du de clining) (hacer la limpieza).
Do wonders (du wonders) (hacer maravillas).
It is hard to do (it is jard tu du) (es difícil de hacer).
Do one´s hair / teeth / nails (du wuans je..r / ti..d / neils. (peinarse el cabello / lavarse los dientes / cortarse las uñas).
Do for a living (du for a living) (hacer para ganarse la vida).
Do well at (du wel at) (hacer bien en).
Do badly at (du badli at) (hacer mal en).
A veces se usa "do" para hacer énfasis o recalcar mucho una acción:
Ex:
People do make mistakes sometimes.
(pi..pl du meik misteiks somtaims)
(la gente de hecho hace o comete errores algunas veces)
It does seem rather late.
(it dos si..m rader leit)
(en efecto parece muy tarde)
They do work very hard.
(dei du work vewri jard)
(ellos si trabajan muy duro)
"make (meik) (hacer, fabricar)" = se refiere a hacer, crear o fabricar algo con las manos.
Ex:
Make one´s living (meik wuans living) (hacer la vida de uno).
Make good / bad (meik gud / bad) (hacer bien / mal).
Make a cake / lemonade / poem / song / speech / report / letter / article / appointment / deal / plan / schedule / effort / suggestion / decisión.
(meik a keik / lemoneid / poem / song / spi..ch / wriport / leder / articl / apointment / di..l / plan / skeyul / efort / sudyesshion / desishion)
(hacer un pastel / limonada / poema / canción / discurso / reporte / carta / articulo / cita / trato / plan / horario / esfuerzo / sugerencia / decisión)
Make the bed (meik de bed) (hacer o arreglar la cama).
Make a face (meik feis) (hacer una cara).
Make a phone call / arrangemente / mistake / picture / trip.
(meik a fon col / awreinchment / misteik / pictur / trip)
(hacer una llamada telefónica / acuerdo / equivocación / cuadro / viaje)
Make a good / bad use of (hacer un buen / mal uso de).
Make something better / worse.
(meik somding beder / wors)
(hacer algo mejor / peor)
Make someone happy / sad / angry / etc...
(meik somwuan japi / sad / angri / etc...)
(hacer o poner a alguien feliz / triste / enojado / etc...)
Nota: "someone" se puede sustituir por cualquier "object pronoun (me, you, him, her. .)".
Entermediate 2 english practice, unit 6
"do and make"
Complete the following sentences using do or make:
1) Please students, you must _______ your homework if you want me to ______ a favor for you.
2) What do you _______ for a living everyday?.
3) To be healthy you must _______ exercise everyday, and to be a great person, you have to ________ your best everyday at school.
4) Please, _______ that phone call to usa to say hello to our friends.
5) My mother always __________ lemonade and cakes for my breakfast, and when i got up, she _________ my bed too.
6) If you want to ________ someone happy, just be with him or her in the good or bad moments.
38. Pasado simple y pasado progresivo
Pasado simple de la acción "to be":
En pasado, "to be" se divide en "was (was)" y "were (wer)" cuando va con las personas del sujeto.
Ex:
I was (ai was) (yo fui, yo era, yo estaba).
He was (ji was) (él fue, él era, él estaba).
She (shi was) (ella fue, ella era, ella estaba).
It was (it was) (era, fue, estaba).
You were (iu wer) (tu fuiste, tú eras, tu estabas, ustedes fueron, ustedes eran, ustedes estaban).
We were (ui wer) (nosotros fuimos, nosotros éramos, nosotros estábamos).
They were (dei wer) (ellos fueron, ellos eran, ellos estaban).
Ex:
I was afraid (ai was afreid) (yo estaba temeroso).
He was a teacher (ji was a ti..cher) (él era un maestro).
We were enemies (ui wer enemis) (nosotros éramos / fuimos enemigos).
Para negar se usa "wasnot = wasn´t (wasent)" y "werenot = weren´t (werent)".
Ex:
They weren´t here yesterday.
(dei werent jir yesterdei)
(ellos no estaban aquí ayer)
It wasn´t my pet (it wasent mai pet) (no era mi mascota).
Para preguntar solo se pone primero "was o were", después la persona y luego lo demás.
Ex:
Was I a good student? (was ai a gud student?) (¿fui yo un buen estudiante?).
Were you in his house yesterday?.
(wer iu in jis jaus yesterdei?)
(estaban ustedes en su casa ayer?)
Pregunta negativa:
Ex:
Wasn´t I here? (wasent ai jir?) (¿no estaba yo aquí?).
Pasado simple para todas las demás acciones:
"el pasado simple (p. S.)" = se usa para describir una acción que frecuentemente ocurría en el pasado.
La oración se construye como se muestra:
yesterday.
last night.
Persona + acción en p. S. + inf. + last week.
last month.
the day before last.
Yesterday (yesterdei) (ayer).
The day before last (de dei bifor last) (el día antes del ultimo, anteayer).
Last night (last naigt) (la noche pasada).
Last week (last wi..k) (la semana pasada).
Last month (last mond) (el mes pasado).
Las acciones en pasado se clasifican en:
1) Regulares = son las acciones que en pasado se escriben casi de la misma manera que en presente, solo se les agrega "ed" de acuerdo a estas reglas:
A) "en cuanto a su escritura", se les agrega "ed" al final para convertirlas en pasado.
Ex:
Ask (ask) (preguntar, pedir). . . . . Asked (askt) (pregunto, pidió).
Work (work) (trabajar). . . . . . . . .worked (workt) (trabajo).
B) Cuando su escritura termine en "e", solo se le aumenta al final la "d".
Ex:
Receive (wriciv) (recibir). . . . . . Received (wrecivd) (recibió).
Arrive (awraiv) (llegar) . . . . . . Arrived (awraivd) (llegó).
C) cuando termine en "y", y antes de esta va una consonante, entonces, se cambia la "y" por "ied"; pero si antes de la "y" va una vocal, entonces solo se agrega "ed".
Ex:
Study (studi) (estudiar). . . . . . .studied (studid) (estudio).
Play (plei) (jugar). . . . . . . . . . . . . .played (pleid) (jugo).
C) solo en cuanto a la pronunciación, cuando esta termine con sonido de:
vocal
B
V
N entonces la "ed" se pronuncia "d".
M
L
R
p
K
S entonces la "ed" se pronuncia "t".
F
Ch
Sh
t
D entonces la "ed" se pronuncia "id".
Ex:
Believe (bili..v) (creer). . . . . . . .believed (bili..vd) (creyó).
Visit (visit) (visitar). . . . . . . . . Visited (visitid) (visitó).
Pass (pas) (pasar). . . . . . . . . . . . . Passed (past) (pasó).
2) Irregulares = son las acciones que en pasado se escriben totalmente diferente de cómo se escriben en presente.
Las acciones irregulares se tienen que aprender de memoria pues no existen reglas para ellas.
Ex:
Take (teik) (tomar, agarrar). . .took (tuk) (tomó, agarró).
Be (bi) (ser, estar). . . . . Was o were.
Have (jav) (tener). . . . . Had (jad) (tuvo).
Tell (tel) (decir). . . . . . Told (told) (dijo).
Go (gou) (ir). . . . . . . . . Went (went) (fue).
Do (du) (hacer). . . . . . .did (did) (hice).
Make (meik) (hacer, fabricar). . . . Made (meid) (hice).
Draw (drou) (dibujar). . . . .drew (dru) (dibujó).
Sit (sit) (sentar). . . . . . .sat (sat) (sentó).
Sweep (swip) (barrer). . . .swept (swept) (barrio).
Speak (spi...k) (hablar). . . Spoke (spouk) (habló).
Write (wrait) (escribir). . . . .wrote (wrout) (escribió).
Read (wri..d) (leer). . . . . . Read (wred) (leyó).
See (si..) (ver). . . . . . . . Saw (sou) (vió).
Say (sei) (decir). . . . . Said (sed) (dijo).
Eat (i..t) (comer). . . . Ate (et) (comió).
Feel (fi..l) (sentir). . . . Felt (felt) (sintió).
Sing (sing) (cantar). . . . Sang (sang) (cantó).
Nota: aprender de memoria todas las acciones irregulares en pasado (ver pagina 81) y practicar la pronunciación de las acciones regulares en pasado.
Entonces, las oraciones en pasado simple quedan así:
Ex:
+) they asked many questions yesterday.
(dei askt meni cuestions yesterdei)
(ellos preguntaron muchas preguntas ayer)
He saw a book in the class last week.
(ji sou a buk in de clas last wi..k)
(el vio un libro en la clase la semana pasada)
Para negar con pasado simple:
Persona + didn´t + acción en presente + inf.
Ex:
They didn´t ask many questions yesterday.
He didn´t see a book in the class last week.
Para preguntar:
Did + persona + acción en presente + inf...?.
Ex:
Did they ask many questions yesterday?.
Did he see a book in the class last week?
Did you tell me the truth?
(did iu tel mi de trud?)
(¿me dijiste la verdad?)
Did she kiss her boyfriend?
(did shi kis jer boifrend?)
(beso ella a su novio?)
"pasado progresivo" = se usa para expresar una acción que ocurrió en un punto, tiempo o momento especifico del pasado.
La oración se construye así:
Persona + "to be" en pasado" + acción en presente con "ing" + inf + la hora + yesterday, last week, etc.
Ex:
+) I was talking to my father at 3:00 p. M. Yesterday.
(ai was tolking tu mai fader at dri pi. Em. Yesterdei)
(yo estaba hablando con mi padre a las 3:00 p. M. Ayer)
She was watching t.v. with her friend at 7:00 p. m. Last night.
(shi was wotching ti. vi. Wid jer frend at senven pi. Em. Last naigt)
(ella estaba mirando t. v. Con su amigo a las 7:00 p. M. La noche pasada)
-) I wasn´t doing that last month. (ai wasent duing dat last mond) (yo no estaba haciendo eso el mes pasado)
They weren´t running at 5:00 a. M. Yesterday.
(dei werent roning at faiv ei. Em. Yesterdei)
(ellos no estaban corriendo a las 5:00 a. M. Ayer)
?) Was I talking to my father at. . . . . . . . .?.
Were we enjoying those meals?.
(wer ui enyoing dous mi..ls?)
(¿estábamos nosotros disfrutando esas comidas?)
Para decir 2 acciones que pasan al mismo tiempo en pasado, tenemos que utilizar el conector "while (wail) (mientras)".
Ex:
I was eating apples while you were playing the guitar.
(ai was i..ting apls wail iu wer pleing de guitar)
(yo estaba comiendo mazanas mientras tú estabas tocando la guitarra)
I usually studied a lot while she didn´t do it.
(ai iushuali studid a lot wail shi dident du it)
(yo usualmente estudiaba un montón mientras que ella no lo hacia)
I never did what you told me while you were having fun.
(ai never did jwat iu told mi wail iu wer javing fon)
(yo nunca hice lo que tu me decías mientras tu te estabas divirtiendo)
Entermediate 2 english practice, unit 6
"simple past and past progressive"
Change the following sentences to simple past or past progressive:
1) I am happy.
2) They are here.
3) Are you in his house?.
4) She ask many questions.
5) He sees a book on the table.
6) We don´t go to the bars.
7) It doesn´t eat a lot.
8) Does she kiss her boyfriend?.
9) Do you tell me the truth?.
10) I am talking to my father.
11) I am going to oaxaca tomorrow morning.
12) They arenot making much money.
13) I never do all what my mother tells me.
39. Interrupciones
Interruptions
(interrupshions)
(interrupciones)
Se usa cuando una acción en pasado progresivo es interrumpida por una acción en pasado simple.
Se usan los conectores "when (jwen) (cuando...)" Y "before (bifor) (antes, antes de)".
Note que en las siguientes oraciones ocurren dos acciones en pasado, pero una pasa antes que la otra.
Ex:
He was reading the magazine when his sister sang.
(ji was wri..ding de magasin jwen jis sister sang)
(él estaba leyendo la revista cuando su hermana canto)
I was reading my book before you came in here.
(ai was wri..ding mai buk bifor iu keim in jir)
(yo estaba leyendo mi libro antes de que tu entraras aquí)
When we arrived, dad was watching the news.
(jwen ui awraivd, dad was wotching de nius)
(cuando nosotros llegamos, papa estaba mirando las noticias)
They were writing a letter to their friends when their parents arrived.
(dei wer wraiting a leder tu deir frends jwen deir parents awraivd)
(ellos estaban escribiendo una carta a sus amigos cuando sus padres llegaron)
Entermediate 2 english practice, unit 6 "interruptions"
Complete the following sentences as appropiate:
1) I ____ reading a book, ________ my mother spoke to me.
2) He _____ playing with his children, _________ one of them died.
3) They were buying many things, when the accident ____________.
4) ________ you _______ listening a song too high, your father scold you.
5) ________ you came here, I ______ was making a phone call.
40. Palabras interrogativas con futuro y pasado
Question words with future and past
(cuestion words wid fiutur and past)
(palabras interrogativas con futuro y pasado)
"con futuro idiomático":
Ex:
She is going to visit her grandparents in new york at 7:00 o´clock pm. Tomorrow, because she wants to.
Who is going to visit her grandparents in new york at 7:00 pm. Tomorrow?.
R = she is.
What is she going to do in new york at 7:00 o´clock pm. Tomorrow, because she wants to?.
R = she is going to visit her grandparents.
Who is she going to visit to in new york at 7:00 o´clock pm. Tomorrow, because she wants to?.
R = to her grandparents.
Where is she going to visit her grandparents at 7:00 o´clock pm. Tomorrow, because. . . . . .?.
R = in new york.
When is she going to visit her grandparents in new york, because. . . . . . . .?.
R = at 7:00 o´clock pm. Tomorrow.
Why is she going to visit her grandparents in new york at 7:00 o´clock pm. Tomorrow?.
R = because she wants to do it.
We are going to go to xalapa next week.
Who is going to xalapa next week?.
R = we are.
What are we going to do next week?.
R = to go to xalapa.
Where are we going to go to next week?.
R = to xalapa.
When are we going to go to xalapa?.
R = next week.
"con futuro simple":
Ex:
I will work in that shop next month, because the owner wants me to do it.
Who will work in that shop next month, because. . . . . . .?.
R = I will. Or I will do it.
What will I do in that shop next month, because. . . . . .?.
R = I will work.
Where will I work in next month, because. . . . . . .?.
R = in that shop.
When will I work in that shop, because. . . . . . . .?.
R = next month.
Why will I work in that shop next month?.
R = because the owner wants me to do it.
"con futuro continuo":
Ex:
She will be waiting for you until your bus arrives.
Who will be waiting for you until your bus arrives?.
R = she.
What will she be doing for you until your bus arrives?.
R = she will be waiting.
Until when will she be waiting for you?.
R = until your bus arrives.
"con pasado simple":
Ex:
He did his homework in his house yesterday, because the teacher told him to.
Who did his homework in his house yesterday, because. . . . . .?.
R = he.
What did he do in his house yesterday, because. . . . . . . .?.
R = his homework.
Where did he do his homework yesterday, because. . . . . . .?.
R = in his house.
When did he do his homework in his house, because. . . . . . . .?.
R = yesterday.
Why did he do his homework in his house yesterday?.
R = because the teacher told him to do it.
They played a game in the yard last night, because they wanted to.
Who played a game in the yard last night, because. . . . . . ?.
R = they.
What did they do in the yard last night, because. . . . . . . ?.
R = they played.
What did they play in the yard last night, because. . . . . . ?.
R = a game.
Where did they play a game last night, because. . . . . . .?.
R = in the yard.
When did they play a game in the yard, because . . . . . .?.
R = last night.
Why did they play a game in the yard last night?.
R = because they wanted to do it.
"con pasado progresivo":
Ex:
She was playing a game on the table at 5:00 pm. Yesterday?.
Who was playing a game on the table at 5:00 pm. Yesterday?.
R = she.
What was she doing on the table at 5:00 pm. Yesterday?.
R = playing.
What was she playing on the table at 5:00 pm. Yesterday?.
R = a game.
Where was she playing a game at 5:00 pm. Yesterday?.
R = on the table.
When was she playing a game on the table?.
R = at 5:00 pm. Yesterday?.
At what time was she playing a game on the table yesterday?.
R = at 5:00 pm.
We were watching t. V. At 11:00 am the other day.
Who was watching t. V. At 11:00 am the other day?.
R = we.
What were we doing at 11:00 am the other day?.
R = watching.
What were we watching at 11:00 am the other day?.
R = t. V.
When were we watching t. V. The other day?.
R = the other day.
At what time were we watching t. V. The other day?.
R = at 11:00 am.
41. Preguntas de confirmación con futuro y pasado
Tags with future and past
(tags wid fiutur and past)
(preguntas de confirmacion con futuro y pasado)
Futuro simple:
+) we will work next year. -) won´t we?.
-) she won´t go with them. +) will she?.
Futuro continuo:
+) you will be there at 3:00 o´clock pm. -)won´t be?.
-) she won´t be singing at the theater. +) will she?.
Pasado simple:
+) she went to a friend´s house. -) didn´t she?.
-) we didn´t go to her school yesterday. +) did we?.
Pasado progresivo:
+) I was doing my homework. -) wasn´t I?.
-) you weren´t crying all night because she left you. +) were you?.
Entermediate 2 english practice, unit 6
"tags with future and past"
Make the correct tag question for each one of the following sentences:
1) We won´t work tomorrow, _________________?.
2) She was copying a sentence from the blackboard, ___________________?.
3) We didn´t do anything,_________________?.
4) You told me about it, ________________?.
5) Someday you will be my girlfriend, _______________?.
6) They weren´t listening to me, ____________________?.
Used to, still, and anymore
Used to (iust to) (acostumbraba, solía) = se usa cuando queremos decir que acostumbrábamos hacer o realizar una acción.
Ex:
+) he used to play a lot when he was a child.
(ji iust tu plei a lot jwen ji was a chaild)
(el solía o acostumbraba jugar un montón cuando era un niño)
-) he didn´t use to play a lot when he was a child.
?) Did he use to play a lot when he was a child?.
Still (stil) (todavía) = indica la continuidad de una acción en el presente, es decir, nos dice que una acción del pasado se continua haciendo en el presente; se usa solo en frases (+) y (¿).
Ex:
He still plays with his toys a lot.
(ji stil pleis wid jis tois a lot)
(el todavía juega con sus jugetes un montón)
Does he still play with his toys a lot?.
R = no, he doesn´t. Or yes, he still.
Note que "still" se coloca entre la persona y la acción, y también que la acción se pluraliza como normalmente lo hace con "he, she, e it".
Anymore (enimor) (ya mas) = indica que una acción ya no continua mas, y se usa solo en frases (-) e (?).
Ex:
I don´t play anymore (ai dont plei enimor) (yo no juego ya mas = yo ya no juego mas).
Do you play anymore? (du iu plei enimor?) (juegas tu mas? = continuas jugando?).
Vocabulario (expresiones útiles):
A little while (a litl wail) (un poco de tiempo, un ratito).
To be used to (tu bi iust tu) (estar acostumbrado, estar familiarizado. Después de el "to", una acción debe de ir con "ing".
To be fond of (tu bi fond ov) (estar encariñado con/de; tener cariño a).
I still want to be a little while with you.
She is used to studying until midnight.
My brother was very fond of his little puppy.
Entermediate 2 english practice, unit 6
"used to, still, anymore"
Complete the following sentences:
1) They were fat because they ________ eat a lot!.
2) He ________ is a great english teacher.
3) I don´t know him ___________.
4) What did we _________ play when we were children?.
5) Can I _______ be your friend?.
6) When she worked as a lawyer, she never _________ lie.
42. Pronombres indefinidos
Indefinite pronouns
(indefinit pronouns)
(pronombres indefinidos)
Los pronombres indefinidos son palabras que nos ayudan a nombrar personas, animales, cosas o lugares, sin especificar sexo o dirección; y se consideran siempre singulares.
Los que empiezan con "every" se usa en oraciones (+), (-) y (?), Y son los siguientes:
Everyone (evriwuan) (cada uno, todos).
Everybody (evribodi) (cada uno, todos, cada quien).
Everything (evriding) (cada cosa, todas las cosas).
Everywhere (evrijwer) (cada lugar, todas partes, todos los lugares).
Ex:
Everyone is here today (evriwuan is ji..r tudei) (todos están aquí hoy).
They sent everybody an invitation.
(dei sent evribodi an inviteishion)
(ellos enviaron a cada quien una invitación)
Did we like everything about it?.
(did ui laik evriding abaut it?)
(nos gusta todo acerca de eso?)
God is everywhere, that is, inside and outside of everyone of us.
(god is evrijwer, dat is, insaid and autsaid ov evriwuan ov os)
(dios esta por/en todas partes, es decir, dentro y fuera de cada uno de nosotros)
Los que empiezan con "no", son opuestos en significado a los que empiezan con "every", y solo se usan en frases (+) y (?), No se usan en frases negativas, porque por si mismos, ya expresan negación:
Noone (nowuan) (no uno, ninguno, nadie).
Nobody (nobodi) (no cuerpo, ninguno, nadie).
Nothing (noding) (no cosa, ninguna cosa, nada).
Nowhere (no lugar, ningún lugar).
Ex:
Noone wrote his name clearly.
(nowuan wrout jis neim cli..rli)
(ninguno escribió su nombre claramente)
I saw nobody that I knew.
(ai sou nobodi dat ai niu)
(yo no vi a nadie que yo conociera)
Was there noone in the room?.
(was der nowuan in de rum?)
(había nadie en el cuarto?)
She said nothing about your accident.
(shi sed noding abaut yur accident)
(ella dijo nada acerca de tu accidente)
Nothing makes me angrier than that!.
(noding meiks mi angrier dan dat!)
(¡nada me hace mas enojado que eso!)
There are nowhere you can hide from your own guilt.
(der ar nojwer iu can jaid from yur oun guilt)
(hay ningún lugar tu puedas esconderte de tu propia culpa)
Los que empiezan con "some", se utilizan en oraciones (+) y (?),
Y son los siguientes:
Someone (somwuan) (alguno/a, alguien).
Somebody (sombodi) (algún cuerpo, alguien).
Something (somding) (alguna cosa, algo).
Somewhere (somjwer) (algún lugar, alguna parte).
Ex:
Is there someone here?.
(is der somwuan jir?)
(hay alguen aquí?)
He is somewhere in this room.
(ji is somjwer in dis rum)
(él esta en alguna parte de este cuarto)
There is somebody there.
(der is sombodi der)
(hay alguien alla)
There is something I can´t remember.
(der is somding ai cant wrimember)
(hay algo que yo no recuerdo)
Los que empiezan con "any" tienen el mismo significado que las que empiezan con "some", pero se usan en oraciones (-) y (?).
Anyone (eniwuan) (alguien).
Anybody (enibodi) (alguien).
Anything (eniding) (alguna cosa, algo).
Anywhere (enijwer) (algún lugar).
Ex:
Is there anybody here?.
(¿is der enibodi jir?)
(hay alguién aquí?)
There isn´t anyone here. = there is no one here.
Can anybody do something to help me?.
There wasn´t anybody. = there was nobody.
Is there anything I can do for you?.
There isn´t anything. = there is nothing.
They weren´t anywhere. = they were nowhere.
Los que terminan en "any" también se pueden usar en oraciones (+), pero su significado cambia a "cualquier, cualquiera).
Either (ider) = como un adj. Significa "cualquier, cualquiera,".
Either of them (ider ov dem) (cualquiera de ellos).
Either you go or I go (ider iu gou or ai gou) (o vas tú o voy yo).
Each (i..ch) (cada, cada uno).
Each one of you (i..ch wuan ov iu) (cada uno de ustedes).
Ex:
Anybody in the office will help you.
(enibodi in di ofis will jelp iu)
(cualquiera en la oficina te ayudara)
Anyone can do this, it is so easy.
(eniwuan can du dis, it is sou i..si)
(cualquiera puede hacer esto, es tan facil)
I will like either of them that you choose.
anything
(ai wil laik ider ov dem dat iu chu..s)
(a mí me gustara cualquiera de ellos que tu elijas)
Either of you is going to come with me.
anyone
(ider ov iu is gouing tu com wid mi)
(cualquiera de ustedes va a venir conmigo)
Each one of us is a good friend of each one of you.
(i..ch wuan ov os is a gud frend ov i..ch wuan ov iu)
(cada uno de nosotros es un buen amigo de cada uno de ustedes)
Nota: "either" e "each" siempre son singulares, por eso en los ejemplos anterior llevan "is".
Entermediate 2 english practice, unit 6
"indefinite pronouns"
Complete the following sentences according the word in the parenthesis:
1) ________ one of us is a good friend of ______ one of you. (cada)
2) __________ can do this, it is so easy. (cualquiera)
3) Is there _________ here?. (alguien)
4) There are ______________ you can hide of your own guilt. (algun lugar)
5) Did we like __________ about the subject?. (cada cosa, todo)
6) I saw _________ that I knew in the party. (nadie, no-persona)
7) ___________ makes me angrier than that!. (nada, no-cosa)
43. Pronombres relativos
Relative pronouns
(wrelativ pronouns)
(pronombres relativos)
Los pronombres relativos se usan para dar informacion extra acerca de una persona, un lugar, un objeto, o del tiempo u hora.
"who (ju)"; y "whom (jum) (a quien, quien) = se usan solo con personas.
"whose (jus) (cuyo/a)" = se usa para indicar posesion.
"where" o "in which" = se usan para lugares.
"which" = se refiere a cosas o animales.
"when" = se refiere al tiempo u hora.
"that (dat) (que) (c)" = se refiere a personas, cosas o animales.
1) who (ju) (que / quien...):
Ex:
The man who is playing baseball will win the game.
(de man ju is pleing beisbol wil win de gueim)
(el hombre quien/que esta jugando baseball ganara el juego)
The student who studies hard will pass the final exam.
(de student ju studis jard wil pas de fainal exam)
(el estudiante que estudie duro pasara el examen final)
2) whom (jum) (quien, quienes).
Ex:
He is the man to whom we all admire!.
(ji is de man jum ui ol admair!)
(él es el hombre a quien todos nosotros admiramos!)
From whom did you receive ti?
(from jum did iu wrici..v it?)
(¿de quién lo recibistes?)
The man to whom I gave the present is my cousin.
(de man tu jum ai gueiv de present is mai cousin)
(el hombre a quien yo le di el regalo es mi primo)
Several people came to my party, none of whom i knew.
(several pipl keim tu mai parti, non ov jum ai niu)
(varias personas vinieron a mi fiesta, ninguno de quienes yo conocia)
Nota: en lugar de "none of whom" se puede poner "and I didn´t know any of them (y yo no conocia a ninguno de ellos)".
3) whose (jus) (de quien, de quienes, cuyo/a).
Ex:
Whose is this?
(jus is dis?)
(¿de quién es esto?)
Whose car is this?.
(jus car is dis?)
(¿de quién es este carro?)
He whose car is big will give it away to us.
(ji jus car is big wil giv it awei tu os)
(el cuyo carro es grande nos lo regalara)
They whose trousers are black are my relatives.
(dei jus trausers ar black ar mai wrelativs)
(ellos cuyos pantalones son negros son mis parientes)
The person whose keys I found must be worried.
(de person jus kis ai faund most bi wowried)
(la persona cuyas llaves yo encontre debe estar preocupado)
4) which (wich) (que; el/lo/la cual).
Ex:
The book which is on the table is mine.
(de buk wich is on de teibl is main)
(el libro que esta/el cual esta en la mesa es mio)
The horse which he rides is big and black.
(de jors wich ji wraids is big and black)
(el caballo que el monta es grande y negro)
5) when (jwen) (cuando...).
Ex:
Yesterday was the day when all the people in my office said the truth.
(yesterdei was de dei jwen ol de pipl in mai ofis sed de trud)
(ayer fue el día cuando toda la gente en mi oficina dijo la verdad)
The day, when she came, was very warm.
(de dei, jwen shi keim, was vewri worm)
(el día, cuando ella vino, estaba muy calido)
6) where (jwer) (donde...).
Ex:
The stadium where they are playing football is the biggest of the world.
(de stadium jwer dei ar pleing futbol is de bigest ov de world)
(el estadio donde ellos estan jugando football es el mas grande de el mundo)
7) "who, which, when" a veces pueden ser reemplazados por "that".
Ex:
The book which (that) is on the table is mine.
He is the man who (that) is very good playing football.
The day when (that) she came was warm.
"where" se puede sustituir por "in which" o por "on which" (en el/la cual) según lo que se quiera dar a entender.
Ex:
The office where (in which) i work is next to that shop.
This is the street where (on which) i live.
8) los pronombres relativos con/y las preposiciones.
Ex:
This is the dog of which she is afraid = this is the dog which she is afraid of.
I know the man from whose son you bought the car = I know the man whose son from you bought the car.
The teacher in whose class I learned most is mr. Jones = the teacher whose class I learned most in is mr. Jones.
The person with whom I am most is my best friend = the person whom I am most with is my best friend.
This is the book about which I was talking to her = this is the book which I was talking to her about.
The person for whom I am waiting is my sister = the person whom I am waiting for is my sister.
You are the person to whom I am going to tell the truth = you are the person whom I am going to tell the truth to.
Intermidiate 2 english practice, unit 6,
"relative pronouns"
I want to have as much money as he has.
(ai want tu jav as moch moni as ji jas)
(yo quiero tener tanto dinero como él tiene)
I like the car as much as the house.
(ai laik de car as moch as de jaus)
(me gusta el carro tanto como la casa)
I have to speak english as much as you do it.
(ai jav tu spi..k inglish as moch as iu du it)
(yo tengo que hablar inglés tanto como tu lo haces)
"as much as" = significa "tanto como", pero como conector significa "aunque, a pesar de que":
Ex:
as much as he likes to be with them, he can´t (as moch as ji laiks tu bi wid dem, je cant) (a pesar de que a él le gusta estar con ellos, el no puede).
"how much...? (jau moch...?) (cuánto/a...?).
Ex:
How much money do you want?.
(jau moch moni du iu want?)
(¿cuánto dinero quieres?)
"little by little (litl bai litl) (poco a poco)".
"just a little (yost a litl) (solo un poco)".
"many (meni) (muchos/as)" y "a few (a fiu) (unos o unas pocos/as; se traduce frecuente mente como "algunos/as)" = se usan con sustantivos en plural y/o con contables.
Ex:
I have many friends because first I am a friend.
(ai jav meni frends bicos first ai am a frend)
(yo tengo muchos amigos porque primero yo soy un amigo)
Many things are difficult this days.
(meni dings ar dificult dis deis)
(muchas cosas son difíciles estos días)
I am going to see you many times in this month.
(ai am gouing tu si iu meni taims in dis mond)
(yo voy a verte muchas veces en este mes)
A company is going to buy a few cars for its workers.
(a compani is gouing tu bai a fiu cars for its workers)
(una compañía va a comprar unos pocos o algunos carros para sus trabajadores)
A few things (a fiu dings) (unas pocas cosas, algunas cosas).
A few apples (a fiu apls) (unas cuantas manzanas).
"few" solo significa "pocos/as":
Ex:
I always have few problems with people, but I have a friend of mine that has fewer problems than I have /do.
He wants to buy many t. v.s., because he wants to sell them, but he has only a few dollars, so he can not do it.
"many" y "few" en expresiones o modismos:
"too many (tu meni) (demasiados/as)":
Ex:
I have to do too many things today.
(ai jav tu du tu meni dings tudei)
(yo tengo que hacer demasiadas cosas hoy)
"so many (sou meni) (muchísimos/as; tantos/as)":
Ex:
Rich fathers usually have to do so many duties.
(rich faders ushuali jav tu du sou meni diutis)
(los padres ricos usualmente tienen que hacer tantos deberes)
"as many. . . As (sustantivo en plural/contable)" = "tantos/as. . . Como":
Ex:
I want to have as many books as you have.
(ai want tu jav as meni buks as iu jav)
(yo quiero tener tantos libros como tu tienes)
My children are going to have as many toys as they want.
(mai children ar gouing tu jav as meni tois as dei want)
(mis niños van a tener tantos jugetes como ellos quieran)
"as many as" = "tantos/as como":
Ex:
He is always taking many photos as many as his friend.
(ji is olweis teiking meni fotos as meni as jis frend)
(el siempre esta tomando muchas fotos tantas como su amigo)
"how many...? (jau meni...?) (cuántos/as...?):
Ex:
How many hotels are there in this city?.
(jau meni joutels ar der in dis ciri?)
(cuantos hoteles hay en esta ciudad?)
"the use of "several, a great deal, a lot of, lots of, and plenty of":
"several (several) (varios)" = sinónimo de many:
Ex:
There are several interesting things around the world.
(der ar several intristing dings awraund de world)
(hay varias cosas interesantes alrededor del mundo)
"a great deal of (a greit di..l ov) (mucho, bastante)" = se puede usar con sustantivos en singular o en plural.
Ex:
Every day I learn a great deal of english words.
(evri dei ai le..rn a greit di..l ov inglish words)
(cada día yo aprendo bastantes palabras inglesas)
"a lot of (a lot ov); lots of (lots ov); y plenty of (plenti ov)" = significan "un montón de, montones de, mucho de o una abundancia de", se usan con sustantivos contables o incontables, no importa si están en singular o plural:
Ex:
A lot of time ago. A lot of things
(a lot ov taim agou) (a lot ov dings)
(hace un montón de tiempo) (un montón de cosas)
Lots of money. Lots of books.
Plenty of exercise. Plenty of efforts.
(plenti ov exersais) (plenti ov eforts)
(un montón de ejercicio) (un montón de esfuerzos)
Intermediate 1 english practice, unit 5 "quantifiers":
Complete the following sentences with "some, any, much, many, a little, a few, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, as necessary:
1) Here there is ________ money if you need it.
2) Do you have ________ house over here?.
3) Is there _________ good hotel in this town?.
4) I donot have _________ money right now!.
5) Does she want ________ sugar?.
6) I want to tell you _________ things before you go.
7) Do you want I put ________ of sugar in your coffee?, Or just a little?.
8) He doesn´t have ________ time for doing that!.
9) She calls me _________ times to go to the cinema to see _________ movies.
10) _________ teachers have _________ of patience with the students.
11) He is not going to die as long as he takes __________ medicines.
12) I think I am going to be very tired because I have _________ of work.
Practice putting the following sentences in the correct word order:
1) (black, dress, pretty, wool). . . . . . . . Is at the laundry.
2) The library has. . . . . . . . (english, easy, books, very, several).
3) Mrs. Johns has . . . . . . (suit, pretty, a, green, very).
4) (there, bills, one-dollar, new, five). . . . . . . . . . Are for you.
5) The church has . . . . . . . (pictures, very, old, some, spanish).
34. Very and too
"very (vewri) (muy)" = se usa para expresar que algo es posible llegar a hacerlo o algo que, dentro de lo posible, puede pasar u ocurrir:
Ex:
This coffe is very hot, but I can drink it.
(dis cofi is vewri jot, bot ai can drink it)
(este café esta muy caliente, pero yo puedo tomármelo)
Otros usos de "very":
Very = significa "mismo/a" cuando no va después de la acción "to be", puede ir con "the, this, etc.":
Ex:
I am going to visit my friend this very night.
(ai am gouing tu visit mai frend dis vewri naigt)
(voy a visitar a mi amigo esta misma noche)
You always want to watch t. V. At the very moment in which I want to do it.
(iu olweis want tu watch ti. Vi. At de vewri moument in wich ai want tu du it)
(tu siempre quieres ver t. V. En el mismo momento en el cual yo quiero hacerlo)
"too (tu) (muy, demasiado)" = se usa para expresar que algo es imposible hacerlo, que algo es excesivo, que no puede pasar o que no se puede hacer:
Ex:
This coffe is too hot, so I can´t drink it.
(dis cofi is tu jot, sou ai cant drink it)
(este café esta muy/demasiado caliente, así que yo no puedo tomármelo)
This car is too expensive for me to buy it.
(dis car is tu expensiv for mi tu bai it)
(este carro es demasiado caro para que yo lo compre)
She is 3 years old, she is too young to understand this.
(shi is dri.. Yi..rs old, shi is tu yong tu understand this)
(ella tiene 3 años de edad, ella es muy joven para entender esto)
Nota: no confundir "too" de este tema, con el otro "too" que significa "también".
Otras expresiones o modismos muy útiles:
Long (long) (como adj. Significa "largo", pero como adv. Significa "tiempo, mucho tiempo).
"too long (tu long) (demasiado largo, demasiado tiempo)":
Ex:
Don´t be too long (dont bi tu long) (no estés demasiado tiempo o no demores).
All night long (ol naigt long) (a lo largo de toda la noche o toda la noche).
"no longer (nou longer) (no mas tiempo, ya no o ya no mas tiempo)":
Ex:
She is no longer going to Veracruz on vacations.
(shi is nou longer gouing tu Veracruz on vakeishions)
(ella ya no va a ir a Veracruz de vacaciones)
"at last (at last) (al fin, finalmente)".
"at first (at first) (al principio)".
"for sure (for shu..r) (de seguro, de aseguro)".
"at least (at li..st) (por lo menos, al menos)".
"as long as (as long as) (tanto tiempo como o tan largo como)":
Ex:
I am going to be here as long as you are.
(ai am gouing tu bi jir as long as iu ar)
(yo voy a estar aquí tanto tiempo como tú estés)
This skirt is as long as your sister´s.
(dis skirt is as long as iur sisters)
(esta falda es tan larga como la de tu hermana)
"as long as" = como un conector significa "mientras, con tal de que, con tal que o con tal de":
Ex:
They love to go with him as long as not to be with me.
(dei lov tu gou wid jim as long as not tu bi wid mi)
(ellos aman ir con él con tal de no estar conmigo)
You can stay with us as long as you don´t spoil the party.
(iu can stei wid os as long as you dont spoil de pari)
(tú puedes quedarte con nosotros con tal de que / mientras no arruines la fiesta)
"just (yost)" = como adj. Significa "justo, exacto":
Ex:
It is going to happen just in this moment.
(it is gouing tu japen yost in dis moument)
(va a pasar justo en este momento)
"just" = como adv. Significa "solo, solamente, exactamente":
Ex:
Just do it (yost du it) (solo hazlo).
If you don´t study english well, it is just your problem.
(if iu dont studi inglish wel, it is yost iur problem)
(si tú no estudias bien inglés, es solo tu problema)
It´s just that . . . (its yost dat. . .) (es solo que. . .).
"just" = se usa también para decir que algo acaba de pasar o de ocurrir.
Ex:
Just married (yost mawrid) (recien casados).
He is just tired (ji is yost taird) (se acaba de cansar).
"hardly (jardli) (dificilmente, duramente)".
Hard (adj) = duro, dificil. Hard (adv) = arduamente.
Ex:
I make a hard effort (ai meik a jard efort) (yo hago un duro esfuerzo.
I study hard (ai studi jard) (yo estudio duro).
I can hardly do it as she does it.
(ai can jardli du it as shi dos it)
(yo difícilmente puedo hacerlo como ella lo hace)
"barely (berli) (apenas)":
Ex:
I am barely just hungry. I barely can do that
(ai am berli yost jungri) (ai berli can du dat)
(apenas me acaba de dar hambre) (yo apenas puedo hacer eso).
Intermediate 1 english practice, unit 5, "very and too".
Complete these sentences with "very" or "too":
1) I prefer a small town, Los Angeles is _________ big for me.
2) It is ________ cold in the winter, but I like it.
3) I cannot study now, I am ________ tired.
4) I think it is about to rain because the sky is ________ black.
5) You need to be more than 18 years to drive alone, now you are only 16 years old, so you are ________ young to drive my car.
Conversation, answer these questions:
1) Can you read a lot of english now?.
2) Can you drive a car with your eyes closed?.
3) Can you make a lot of sentences with what you know now and in the order you want?.
4) Can you dance all night long?.
5) What are the things you have to do before you can go out and have fun?.
6) What do you have to do before you can kiss someone?.
35. Calificadores
Qualifiers
(cualifaiers)
(calificadores)
Los adverbios aparte de calificar a las acciones, también pueden calificar a los adjetivos o incluso a otro adverbio.
"very" es un adv. Que califica a un adjetivo:
"very (vewri) = pretty (priti) = rather (wrader)": estas 3 palabras significan "muy o bastante" y son adverbios.
Ex:
I am very happy (ai am vewri japi) (yo estoy muy feliz).
You have a pretty nice car (iu jav a priti nais car) (tú tienes un muy bonito auto).
My new shirt is pretty warm (mai niu shirt is priti warm) (mi camisa nueva es muy tibia).
It is rather late (it is wrader leit) (es bastante/muy tarde).
Are they pretty sure of what they are saying?
(ar dei priti shur ov jwat dei ar seing?)
(¿Están ellos muy seguros de lo que están diciendo?)
"enough" y "too"
Como ya vimos "too" significa "muy, demasiado, también" y es un adverbio.
Ex:
He is too young to be here watching this.
adj.
I need to have a lot of money too.
"too bad (tu bad) (que malo, demasiado malo, que mala suerte, una lástima).
Ex:
It is too bad that you´re not coming with us.
(it is tu bad dat iur not coming wid os)
(es una lastima que tu no vengas con nosotros)
"enough (inof)" = como un adj. Significa "suficiente", y siempre se pone antes de un sustantivo.
Ex:
Now I have enough money to buy those buildings.
(nau ai jav inof moni tu bai dous bildings)
(ahora tengo suficiente dinero para comprar esos edificios)
"enough" = como un adv. Significa "suficientemente, bastante", y siempre se pone después de un adjetivo.
Ex:
She is pretty enough for him to kiss her.
(shi is priti inof for jim tu kis jer)
(ella es bastante bonita para que él la bese)
Jessy has 20 dollars, she wants to buy apples and tomatoes, but apples are 15 dollar a kilo, and the tomatoes are 25 dollars a kilo; so, the apples are cheap enough for her to buy, and the tomatoes are too expensive for her to buy.
"quite" y "also":
"also (olso)" = es el sinónimo de "too" cuando significa "también", y se puede poner al principio o al final de una oración. Too = also = as well = también.
Ex:
I also like to go shopping. (ai olso laik tu gou shoping) (a mi también me gusta ir de compras)
as well.
We are going to pass that exam too
also.
(ui ar gouing tu pas dat exam /as wel/; /tu/; /olso) (nosotros vamos a pasar ese examen también).
"quite (cuait)" = adv. sinónimo de "very, rather, pretty".
Ex:
My house is quite big.
(mai jous is cuait big)
(mi casa es bastante grande)
Nota: no confundir con el adj. Quiet (kuaiet) (callado, tranquilo, discreto).
Ex:
Please, be quiet because I can´t hear the class.
(pli..s, bi cuaiet bicos ai cant ji..r de cals)
(por favor, cállate porque no puedo oír la clases)
"the auxiliary verbs: can, may, have to, must, should y ought to"
Se consideran "auxiliares" porque nos auxilian o ayudan a darle cierto sentido o significado a una oración.
"can (can) (poder)", no debe confundirse con la acción "to be able (tu bi eibl) (ser capaz o poder)".
Con la acción "to be able" y con el auxiliar "can" se expresa una habilidad.
Ex:
I can do it (ai can du it) (yo puedo hacerlo).
I am able to do it (ai am eibl tu du it) (yo puedo hacerlo).
Reglas de los auxiliares:
1) Los auxiliares se escriben igual para todas las personas.
2) Primero se pone la persona, luego el auxiliar y después la acción sin pluralizar (para todas las personas).
Ex:
I can kiss her. He can do it. She can kiss her. It can do it.
3) Después de un auxiliar, las acciones "be" y "have" no cambian su forma ni se dividen como lo hacen normalmente con las personas.
Ex:
I can be a good student. He can have a lot of money.
"cannot = can´t" = se usa para negar.
Ex:
She can´t do it (shi cant do it) (ella no puede hacerlo).
He can´t open the door (ji cant oupen de do..r) (el no puede abrir la puerta).
Para preguntar, solo se pone primero el auxiliar, luego la persona y luego la acción.
Ex:
what can I do for you? (jwat can ai du for iu?) (¿que puedo yo hacer por usted?).
Can she speak english as you do it?.
(can shi spi..k inglish as iu du it?)
(¿puede ella hablar inglés como tu lo haces?)
When can I go to my house?.
How can she do that?.
Where can I meet you for going to the cinema?.
"may (mei) (poder, permitir)" = se usa para expresar permiso o posibilidad en un 60% posible.
Ex:
I may travel by train to México (ai mei travel bai trein tu México) (yo puedo "posiblemente" viajar por tren a México).
He may kiss her this evening.
(ji mei kis jer dis ivining)
(él puede "posiblemente" besarla esta noche)
It may rain in cos. Ver. This day.
(it mei wrein in cos. Ver. Dis dei)
(puede llover en cos. Ver este día)
May I dance with you?
(mei ai dans wid iu?)
(¿puedo bailar contigo? "permiso"
May I have a glass of water?.
(mei ai jav a glas ov woter?)
(¿puedo tener un baso de agua? "en el sentido de que nos lo den"
"must (most) (beber)" = expresa una obligación o una probabilidad.
Ex:
I must go now = I have to go now.
(ai most gou nau = ai jav tu gou nau)
(yo debo irme ahora = yo tengo que irme ahora "expresa obligación"
He must do it tonight.
(ji most du it tunaigt)
(el debe hacerlo esta noche)
I must go to the school.
(ai most gou tu de sku..l)
(yo debo ir a la escuela)
It must be 9:00 o´clock because the shop is closed.
(it most bi nain oclock bicaus de shop is cloust)
(deben de ser las nueve en punto porque la tienda esta cerrada "expresa probabilidad"
You study a lot, so you must pass the exam.
(iu studi a lot, sou iu most pas di exam)
(tu estudias un montón, así que tu debes pasar el examen)
I must be able to do this.
(ai most bi eibl tu du dis)
(yo debo poder hacer esto)
Nota: después de cualquier auxiliar, siempre la acción "to be" y "to have" se escriben tal y como son en su forma simple, es decir, no se dividen como lo hacen junto con las personas del sujeto.
Ex:
I must be late, I have to go now.
(ai most bi leit, ai jav to go)
(debo de estar retrazado, me tengo que ir)
She can have a lot of things if she wants.
(shi can jav a lot ov dings if shi wants)
(ella puede tener un montón de cosas si ella quiere)
He must have all the books you are looking for.
(ji most jav ol de buks iu ar luking for)
(él bebe tener todos los libros que tu estas buscando)
They may be here tomorrow (dei mei bi jir tumowrou) (ellos pueden "posiblemente" estar aquí mañana).
You may have a lot of money, but I can be more intelligent.
(iu mei jav a lot ov moni, bot ai can bi mor inteliyent)
(tú puedes tener un montón de dinero, pero yo puedo ser más inteligente)
"mustnot = mustn´t (mosent) (no beber)" = expresa una prohibicion.
Ex:
You mustn´t go there, it may be dangerous.
(iu mosent gou der, it mei bi denyeros)
(tú no debes ir alli, puede ser peligroso)
Para preguntar, solo se pone primero "must", después la "persona del sujeto", y luego la acción.
Ex:
Must I do these things?
(most ai du des dings?)
(¿debo yo hacer estas cosas?)
"should (shuld o shu..d) (debería)" = expresa una recomendación, una opinión o una sugerencia.
Ex:
+) I should do my homework every day.
(ai shu..d du mai jomwork evri dei)
(yo debería hacer mi tarea cada día)
He should be here on time, not in time.
(ji shu..d bi jir on taim, not in taim)
(el debería estar aquí puntualmente, no a tiempo)
She should do a lot of exercise, because she is getting fat.
(shi shu..d du a lot ov exersais, bicos shi is geting fat)
(ella debería hacer un montón de ejercicio, porque se esta poniendo gorda)
-) you shouldn´t smoke here.
(iu shu..dent smoud jir)
(tú no beberías fumar aquí)
She shouldn´t kill animals.
(shi shu..dent kil animals)
(ella no bebería matar animales)
?) Should I see a doctor every month?.
(shu..d ai si.. A doctor evri mond?)
(¿debería yo ver a un doctor cada mes?)
Should I go with them?
(shu..d ai gou wid dem?)
(¿debería yo ir con ellos?)
What should I do for you to love me?
(jwat shu..d ai du for iu tu lov mi?)
(¿qué debería hacer para que tú me ames?)
"ought to (ougt tu) (debiera)" = expresa una obligación moral, una consecuencia lógica o una obligación muy personal.
Ex:
+) I ought to write some letters to my best friends.
(ai ougt tu wrait som leders tu mai best frends)
(yo debiera escribir algunas cartas a mis mejores amigos)
She ought to do it as she is saying.
(shi ougt tu du it as shi is seing)
(ella debiera de hacerlo como esta diciendo)
This ought to be easy.
(dis ougt tu bi i..si)
(esto debiera ser fácil)
The winners ought to be them.
(de winers ougt tu bi dem)
(los ganadores debieran ser ellos)
-) I ought not to be here.
(ai ougt not tu bi jir)
(yo no debiera estar aquí)
?) Ought I to do that for her?
(ougt ai tu du dat for jer?)
(¿debiera yo hacer eso por ella?).
Intermediate 1 english practice, unit 5, " qualifiers and the auxiliary verbs".
Complete the following sentences as necessary using the qualifiers and the auxiliary verbs:
1) It is _______ late for me to go there.
2) Are you _______ sure that he is coming here with us?.
3) It is ________ cold in here, isn´t it?.
4) It is necessary to be 18 years old to drive a car, harry is 17 and bill is 21. So. . . Harry is ________ young to drive, and bill is old ___________ to drive.
5) Mary is 97 cms tall, she knows that one person has to be 100 cms tall to ride a bicycle, and 95 cms tall to ride a small horse. So. . . Mary is _______ young to ride a bicycle, but she is short _________ to ride a small horse.
6) You ________ have to study very hard to be like i am.
7) The next english course is going to be ________ hard.
8) You are having problems with your friends, so you __________ talk to them.
9) _______ I dance with you?.
10) She _________ go into her house early today because it _______ be dangerous to be at this hour on the street.
11) What you _________ do if you want to pass this course?.
12) The sky is dark, I think that it _______ rain.
13) He _______ want to eat because he is very hungry.
Practice this dialogue with another person:
1) Good evening, we need a table for 2 please.
2) Donot worry, come with me, follow me please.
1) Here it is perfect, thanks!. Oh!, Waiter!.
2) Yes?, What can i do for you?, What do you want me to do for you?, What do you want for dinner?.
1) Tell us what you have please.
2) Well, here is the menu, you can choose what you want and wish.
1) Let me see, I am not sure, bring me a big lemonade jar first please. Then, I want you to bring me a "tampiqueña" without chile and some pie for dissert.
3) I want first onion soup, then spaguetti with tuna fish, but hurry up!, Because I am too hungry.
2) Donot worry, I am going to bring your order in less than 10 minutes.
1 y 3) thank you very much!.
36. Unidad 6. Futuro idiomático, futuro simple, y futuro continuo
Idiomatic future, simple future, and continuous future.
(idiomatic fiutur, simpl fiutur, and continius fiutur)
(futuro idiomático, futuro simple, y futuro continuo)
"idiomatic future" = se usa para expresar una intención o un plan definitivo en el futuro inmediato, y como ya habíamos visto, se usa siempre la acción "to be going to".
Ex:
It is going to rain this weekend.
(it is gouing tu wrein dis wikend)
(va a llover este fin de semana)
They are going to travel to Cancún this month.
(dei ar gouing tu travel tu Cancún dis mond)
(ellos van a viajar a Cancún este mes)
She is going to visit you in one week.
(shi is gouing tu visit iu in wuan wik)
(ella va a visitarte en una semana)
Las expresiones que comúnmente se pueden utilizar con este tiempo son:
This day. This month.
This week. This weekend.
In 2 days. Tomorrow (tumowrou) (mañana).
Y cualquier otra oracion que exprese un futuro inmediato.
Para negación e interrogación en este tiempo, solo se aplica la misma regla que se aplica con la acción "to be".
Ex:
I am not going to your house tomorrow.
Are you coming with us this saturday?.
"simple future" = expresa un plan o una acción que probablemente se realizara en un futuro lejano, es decir, no es seguro que pase o suceda, es este tiempo solo se pone la persona, luego "will (wil) (el cual es un palabra que nos ayuda a darle sentido de futuro a una acción)", y después una acción en su forma simple, recuerde que "will" es un auxiliar y por eso la acción no se pluraliza con "he, she o it".
Ex:
+) I will work next week.
(ai wil work next wik)
(yo trabajare la siguiente semana)
He will go to México next month if he is free.
(ji wil gou tu México next mond if ji is fri..)
(el ira a México el siguiente mes si esta libre)
It will eat its food if it wants.
(it wil i..t its fud if it wants)
(comerá su comida si quiere)
-) I won´t go on vacations with you next summer.
(ai wont gou on vakeishions wid iu next somer)
(yo no iré de vacaciones con ustedes el siguiente verano)
She won´t want to do it.
(shi wont want tu du it)
(ella no querrá hacerlo)
?) Will he watch t. v. With his sons?
(wil ji wotch ti. vi. Wid jis sons?)
(¿vera el t. v. Con sus hijos?)
Es este tiempo se usan todas las frases que expresen un futuro lejano.
Ex:
Next week, next month, next year, in 5 years, etc.
"continuous future" = expresa un plan o una acción segura en el futuro remoto o lejano, es decir, es seguro que pase o suceda dicha acción; la estructura de la oración en este tiempo es:
Cualquier persona + will + be + acción "forma simple, sin pluralizar" + ing + when / until + oración en presente simple.
Ex:
+) I will be waiting for you until you arrive.
(ai wil bi weiting for iu ontil iu awraiv)
(yo estaré esperando por ti hasta que tu llegues)
She will be playing the guitar when he comes.
(shi wil bi pleing de guitar jwen ji coms)
(ella estará tocando la guitarra cuando él venga)
Para negar solo se cambia "will" por "won´t", y para preguntar primero se pone "will + persona + be + . . .?".
Ex:
I won´t be waiting for you until you arrive.
Will she be playing the guitar when he comes?.
En ocasiones suceden dos acciones en el futuro al mismo tiempo, en ese caso solo debemos usar los conectores "and", "while (wail) (mientras)", "meanwhile (mi..nwail) (mientras tanto)" o "in the meantime (in de mi..ntaim) (de mientras)".
Ex:
I will go to that city, in the meantime you will wait here for me.
Entermediate 2 english practice, unit 6 "the future"
Complete the following sentences according to the given information:
1) The sky is getting dark, so, it _______________ to rain this afternoon.
2) I am leaving today because I ________________ visit my relatives tomorrow in Cancún.
3) It is not sure, but I think I ____________ go to school until next month.
4) Next summer, they __________ crash their car again as the last one, because they already know how to drive carefully.
5) I ______________there when you arrive from usa.
6) When he comes, she ______________ playing the piano in her house.
37. Do and make
"do (du) (hacer)" = se refiere a una actividad fisica o mental.
Ex:
Do me a favor (du mi a feivor).
Do time (du taim) (hacer tiempo).
Do a service (du a servis) (hacer un servicio).
Do the homework (du de jomwork) (hacer la tarea).
Do the dishes (du de dishes) (limpiar los platos).
Do exercise (du exersais) (hacer ejercicio).
Do body activities (do bodi activitis) (hacer actividades corporales).
Do the shopping (du de shoping) (hacer las compras).
Do the best (du de best) (hacer lo mejor).
Do one´s best. "one´s" representa cualquier "possessive adjectives".
Do the cleaning (du de clining) (hacer la limpieza).
Do wonders (du wonders) (hacer maravillas).
It is hard to do (it is jard tu du) (es difícil de hacer).
Do one´s hair / teeth / nails (du wuans je..r / ti..d / neils. (peinarse el cabello / lavarse los dientes / cortarse las uñas).
Do for a living (du for a living) (hacer para ganarse la vida).
Do well at (du wel at) (hacer bien en).
Do badly at (du badli at) (hacer mal en).
A veces se usa "do" para hacer énfasis o recalcar mucho una acción:
Ex:
People do make mistakes sometimes.
(pi..pl du meik misteiks somtaims)
(la gente de hecho hace o comete errores algunas veces)
It does seem rather late.
(it dos si..m rader leit)
(en efecto parece muy tarde)
They do work very hard.
(dei du work vewri jard)
(ellos si trabajan muy duro)
"make (meik) (hacer, fabricar)" = se refiere a hacer, crear o fabricar algo con las manos.
Ex:
Make one´s living (meik wuans living) (hacer la vida de uno).
Make good / bad (meik gud / bad) (hacer bien / mal).
Make a cake / lemonade / poem / song / speech / report / letter / article / appointment / deal / plan / schedule / effort / suggestion / decisión.
(meik a keik / lemoneid / poem / song / spi..ch / wriport / leder / articl / apointment / di..l / plan / skeyul / efort / sudyesshion / desishion)
(hacer un pastel / limonada / poema / canción / discurso / reporte / carta / articulo / cita / trato / plan / horario / esfuerzo / sugerencia / decisión)
Make the bed (meik de bed) (hacer o arreglar la cama).
Make a face (meik feis) (hacer una cara).
Make a phone call / arrangemente / mistake / picture / trip.
(meik a fon col / awreinchment / misteik / pictur / trip)
(hacer una llamada telefónica / acuerdo / equivocación / cuadro / viaje)
Make a good / bad use of (hacer un buen / mal uso de).
Make something better / worse.
(meik somding beder / wors)
(hacer algo mejor / peor)
Make someone happy / sad / angry / etc...
(meik somwuan japi / sad / angri / etc...)
(hacer o poner a alguien feliz / triste / enojado / etc...)
Nota: "someone" se puede sustituir por cualquier "object pronoun (me, you, him, her. .)".
Entermediate 2 english practice, unit 6
"do and make"
Complete the following sentences using do or make:
1) Please students, you must _______ your homework if you want me to ______ a favor for you.
2) What do you _______ for a living everyday?.
3) To be healthy you must _______ exercise everyday, and to be a great person, you have to ________ your best everyday at school.
4) Please, _______ that phone call to usa to say hello to our friends.
5) My mother always __________ lemonade and cakes for my breakfast, and when i got up, she _________ my bed too.
6) If you want to ________ someone happy, just be with him or her in the good or bad moments.
38. Pasado simple y pasado progresivo
Pasado simple de la acción "to be":
En pasado, "to be" se divide en "was (was)" y "were (wer)" cuando va con las personas del sujeto.
Ex:
I was (ai was) (yo fui, yo era, yo estaba).
He was (ji was) (él fue, él era, él estaba).
She (shi was) (ella fue, ella era, ella estaba).
It was (it was) (era, fue, estaba).
You were (iu wer) (tu fuiste, tú eras, tu estabas, ustedes fueron, ustedes eran, ustedes estaban).
We were (ui wer) (nosotros fuimos, nosotros éramos, nosotros estábamos).
They were (dei wer) (ellos fueron, ellos eran, ellos estaban).
Ex:
I was afraid (ai was afreid) (yo estaba temeroso).
He was a teacher (ji was a ti..cher) (él era un maestro).
We were enemies (ui wer enemis) (nosotros éramos / fuimos enemigos).
Para negar se usa "wasnot = wasn´t (wasent)" y "werenot = weren´t (werent)".
Ex:
They weren´t here yesterday.
(dei werent jir yesterdei)
(ellos no estaban aquí ayer)
It wasn´t my pet (it wasent mai pet) (no era mi mascota).
Para preguntar solo se pone primero "was o were", después la persona y luego lo demás.
Ex:
Was I a good student? (was ai a gud student?) (¿fui yo un buen estudiante?).
Were you in his house yesterday?.
(wer iu in jis jaus yesterdei?)
(estaban ustedes en su casa ayer?)
Pregunta negativa:
Ex:
Wasn´t I here? (wasent ai jir?) (¿no estaba yo aquí?).
Pasado simple para todas las demás acciones:
"el pasado simple (p. S.)" = se usa para describir una acción que frecuentemente ocurría en el pasado.
La oración se construye como se muestra:
yesterday.
last night.
Persona + acción en p. S. + inf. + last week.
last month.
the day before last.
Yesterday (yesterdei) (ayer).
The day before last (de dei bifor last) (el día antes del ultimo, anteayer).
Last night (last naigt) (la noche pasada).
Last week (last wi..k) (la semana pasada).
Last month (last mond) (el mes pasado).
Las acciones en pasado se clasifican en:
1) Regulares = son las acciones que en pasado se escriben casi de la misma manera que en presente, solo se les agrega "ed" de acuerdo a estas reglas:
A) "en cuanto a su escritura", se les agrega "ed" al final para convertirlas en pasado.
Ex:
Ask (ask) (preguntar, pedir). . . . . Asked (askt) (pregunto, pidió).
Work (work) (trabajar). . . . . . . . .worked (workt) (trabajo).
B) Cuando su escritura termine en "e", solo se le aumenta al final la "d".
Ex:
Receive (wriciv) (recibir). . . . . . Received (wrecivd) (recibió).
Arrive (awraiv) (llegar) . . . . . . Arrived (awraivd) (llegó).
C) cuando termine en "y", y antes de esta va una consonante, entonces, se cambia la "y" por "ied"; pero si antes de la "y" va una vocal, entonces solo se agrega "ed".
Ex:
Study (studi) (estudiar). . . . . . .studied (studid) (estudio).
Play (plei) (jugar). . . . . . . . . . . . . .played (pleid) (jugo).
C) solo en cuanto a la pronunciación, cuando esta termine con sonido de:
vocal
B
V
N entonces la "ed" se pronuncia "d".
M
L
R
p
K
S entonces la "ed" se pronuncia "t".
F
Ch
Sh
t
D entonces la "ed" se pronuncia "id".
Ex:
Believe (bili..v) (creer). . . . . . . .believed (bili..vd) (creyó).
Visit (visit) (visitar). . . . . . . . . Visited (visitid) (visitó).
Pass (pas) (pasar). . . . . . . . . . . . . Passed (past) (pasó).
2) Irregulares = son las acciones que en pasado se escriben totalmente diferente de cómo se escriben en presente.
Las acciones irregulares se tienen que aprender de memoria pues no existen reglas para ellas.
Ex:
Take (teik) (tomar, agarrar). . .took (tuk) (tomó, agarró).
Be (bi) (ser, estar). . . . . Was o were.
Have (jav) (tener). . . . . Had (jad) (tuvo).
Tell (tel) (decir). . . . . . Told (told) (dijo).
Go (gou) (ir). . . . . . . . . Went (went) (fue).
Do (du) (hacer). . . . . . .did (did) (hice).
Make (meik) (hacer, fabricar). . . . Made (meid) (hice).
Draw (drou) (dibujar). . . . .drew (dru) (dibujó).
Sit (sit) (sentar). . . . . . .sat (sat) (sentó).
Sweep (swip) (barrer). . . .swept (swept) (barrio).
Speak (spi...k) (hablar). . . Spoke (spouk) (habló).
Write (wrait) (escribir). . . . .wrote (wrout) (escribió).
Read (wri..d) (leer). . . . . . Read (wred) (leyó).
See (si..) (ver). . . . . . . . Saw (sou) (vió).
Say (sei) (decir). . . . . Said (sed) (dijo).
Eat (i..t) (comer). . . . Ate (et) (comió).
Feel (fi..l) (sentir). . . . Felt (felt) (sintió).
Sing (sing) (cantar). . . . Sang (sang) (cantó).
Nota: aprender de memoria todas las acciones irregulares en pasado (ver pagina 81) y practicar la pronunciación de las acciones regulares en pasado.
Entonces, las oraciones en pasado simple quedan así:
Ex:
+) they asked many questions yesterday.
(dei askt meni cuestions yesterdei)
(ellos preguntaron muchas preguntas ayer)
He saw a book in the class last week.
(ji sou a buk in de clas last wi..k)
(el vio un libro en la clase la semana pasada)
Para negar con pasado simple:
Persona + didn´t + acción en presente + inf.
Ex:
They didn´t ask many questions yesterday.
He didn´t see a book in the class last week.
Para preguntar:
Did + persona + acción en presente + inf...?.
Ex:
Did they ask many questions yesterday?.
Did he see a book in the class last week?
Did you tell me the truth?
(did iu tel mi de trud?)
(¿me dijiste la verdad?)
Did she kiss her boyfriend?
(did shi kis jer boifrend?)
(beso ella a su novio?)
"pasado progresivo" = se usa para expresar una acción que ocurrió en un punto, tiempo o momento especifico del pasado.
La oración se construye así:
Persona + "to be" en pasado" + acción en presente con "ing" + inf + la hora + yesterday, last week, etc.
Ex:
+) I was talking to my father at 3:00 p. M. Yesterday.
(ai was tolking tu mai fader at dri pi. Em. Yesterdei)
(yo estaba hablando con mi padre a las 3:00 p. M. Ayer)
She was watching t.v. with her friend at 7:00 p. m. Last night.
(shi was wotching ti. vi. Wid jer frend at senven pi. Em. Last naigt)
(ella estaba mirando t. v. Con su amigo a las 7:00 p. M. La noche pasada)
-) I wasn´t doing that last month. (ai wasent duing dat last mond) (yo no estaba haciendo eso el mes pasado)
They weren´t running at 5:00 a. M. Yesterday.
(dei werent roning at faiv ei. Em. Yesterdei)
(ellos no estaban corriendo a las 5:00 a. M. Ayer)
?) Was I talking to my father at. . . . . . . . .?.
Were we enjoying those meals?.
(wer ui enyoing dous mi..ls?)
(¿estábamos nosotros disfrutando esas comidas?)
Para decir 2 acciones que pasan al mismo tiempo en pasado, tenemos que utilizar el conector "while (wail) (mientras)".
Ex:
I was eating apples while you were playing the guitar.
(ai was i..ting apls wail iu wer pleing de guitar)
(yo estaba comiendo mazanas mientras tú estabas tocando la guitarra)
I usually studied a lot while she didn´t do it.
(ai iushuali studid a lot wail shi dident du it)
(yo usualmente estudiaba un montón mientras que ella no lo hacia)
I never did what you told me while you were having fun.
(ai never did jwat iu told mi wail iu wer javing fon)
(yo nunca hice lo que tu me decías mientras tu te estabas divirtiendo)
Entermediate 2 english practice, unit 6
"simple past and past progressive"
Change the following sentences to simple past or past progressive:
1) I am happy.
2) They are here.
3) Are you in his house?.
4) She ask many questions.
5) He sees a book on the table.
6) We don´t go to the bars.
7) It doesn´t eat a lot.
8) Does she kiss her boyfriend?.
9) Do you tell me the truth?.
10) I am talking to my father.
11) I am going to oaxaca tomorrow morning.
12) They arenot making much money.
13) I never do all what my mother tells me.
39. Interrupciones
Interruptions
(interrupshions)
(interrupciones)
Se usa cuando una acción en pasado progresivo es interrumpida por una acción en pasado simple.
Se usan los conectores "when (jwen) (cuando...)" Y "before (bifor) (antes, antes de)".
Note que en las siguientes oraciones ocurren dos acciones en pasado, pero una pasa antes que la otra.
Ex:
He was reading the magazine when his sister sang.
(ji was wri..ding de magasin jwen jis sister sang)
(él estaba leyendo la revista cuando su hermana canto)
I was reading my book before you came in here.
(ai was wri..ding mai buk bifor iu keim in jir)
(yo estaba leyendo mi libro antes de que tu entraras aquí)
When we arrived, dad was watching the news.
(jwen ui awraivd, dad was wotching de nius)
(cuando nosotros llegamos, papa estaba mirando las noticias)
They were writing a letter to their friends when their parents arrived.
(dei wer wraiting a leder tu deir frends jwen deir parents awraivd)
(ellos estaban escribiendo una carta a sus amigos cuando sus padres llegaron)
Entermediate 2 english practice, unit 6 "interruptions"
Complete the following sentences as appropiate:
1) I ____ reading a book, ________ my mother spoke to me.
2) He _____ playing with his children, _________ one of them died.
3) They were buying many things, when the accident ____________.
4) ________ you _______ listening a song too high, your father scold you.
5) ________ you came here, I ______ was making a phone call.
40. Palabras interrogativas con futuro y pasado
Question words with future and past
(cuestion words wid fiutur and past)
(palabras interrogativas con futuro y pasado)
"con futuro idiomático":
Ex:
She is going to visit her grandparents in new york at 7:00 o´clock pm. Tomorrow, because she wants to.
Who is going to visit her grandparents in new york at 7:00 pm. Tomorrow?.
R = she is.
What is she going to do in new york at 7:00 o´clock pm. Tomorrow, because she wants to?.
R = she is going to visit her grandparents.
Who is she going to visit to in new york at 7:00 o´clock pm. Tomorrow, because she wants to?.
R = to her grandparents.
Where is she going to visit her grandparents at 7:00 o´clock pm. Tomorrow, because. . . . . .?.
R = in new york.
When is she going to visit her grandparents in new york, because. . . . . . . .?.
R = at 7:00 o´clock pm. Tomorrow.
Why is she going to visit her grandparents in new york at 7:00 o´clock pm. Tomorrow?.
R = because she wants to do it.
We are going to go to xalapa next week.
Who is going to xalapa next week?.
R = we are.
What are we going to do next week?.
R = to go to xalapa.
Where are we going to go to next week?.
R = to xalapa.
When are we going to go to xalapa?.
R = next week.
"con futuro simple":
Ex:
I will work in that shop next month, because the owner wants me to do it.
Who will work in that shop next month, because. . . . . . .?.
R = I will. Or I will do it.
What will I do in that shop next month, because. . . . . .?.
R = I will work.
Where will I work in next month, because. . . . . . .?.
R = in that shop.
When will I work in that shop, because. . . . . . . .?.
R = next month.
Why will I work in that shop next month?.
R = because the owner wants me to do it.
"con futuro continuo":
Ex:
She will be waiting for you until your bus arrives.
Who will be waiting for you until your bus arrives?.
R = she.
What will she be doing for you until your bus arrives?.
R = she will be waiting.
Until when will she be waiting for you?.
R = until your bus arrives.
"con pasado simple":
Ex:
He did his homework in his house yesterday, because the teacher told him to.
Who did his homework in his house yesterday, because. . . . . .?.
R = he.
What did he do in his house yesterday, because. . . . . . . .?.
R = his homework.
Where did he do his homework yesterday, because. . . . . . .?.
R = in his house.
When did he do his homework in his house, because. . . . . . . .?.
R = yesterday.
Why did he do his homework in his house yesterday?.
R = because the teacher told him to do it.
They played a game in the yard last night, because they wanted to.
Who played a game in the yard last night, because. . . . . . ?.
R = they.
What did they do in the yard last night, because. . . . . . . ?.
R = they played.
What did they play in the yard last night, because. . . . . . ?.
R = a game.
Where did they play a game last night, because. . . . . . .?.
R = in the yard.
When did they play a game in the yard, because . . . . . .?.
R = last night.
Why did they play a game in the yard last night?.
R = because they wanted to do it.
"con pasado progresivo":
Ex:
She was playing a game on the table at 5:00 pm. Yesterday?.
Who was playing a game on the table at 5:00 pm. Yesterday?.
R = she.
What was she doing on the table at 5:00 pm. Yesterday?.
R = playing.
What was she playing on the table at 5:00 pm. Yesterday?.
R = a game.
Where was she playing a game at 5:00 pm. Yesterday?.
R = on the table.
When was she playing a game on the table?.
R = at 5:00 pm. Yesterday?.
At what time was she playing a game on the table yesterday?.
R = at 5:00 pm.
We were watching t. V. At 11:00 am the other day.
Who was watching t. V. At 11:00 am the other day?.
R = we.
What were we doing at 11:00 am the other day?.
R = watching.
What were we watching at 11:00 am the other day?.
R = t. V.
When were we watching t. V. The other day?.
R = the other day.
At what time were we watching t. V. The other day?.
R = at 11:00 am.
41. Preguntas de confirmación con futuro y pasado
Tags with future and past
(tags wid fiutur and past)
(preguntas de confirmacion con futuro y pasado)
Futuro simple:
+) we will work next year. -) won´t we?.
-) she won´t go with them. +) will she?.
Futuro continuo:
+) you will be there at 3:00 o´clock pm. -)won´t be?.
-) she won´t be singing at the theater. +) will she?.
Pasado simple:
+) she went to a friend´s house. -) didn´t she?.
-) we didn´t go to her school yesterday. +) did we?.
Pasado progresivo:
+) I was doing my homework. -) wasn´t I?.
-) you weren´t crying all night because she left you. +) were you?.
Entermediate 2 english practice, unit 6
"tags with future and past"
Make the correct tag question for each one of the following sentences:
1) We won´t work tomorrow, _________________?.
2) She was copying a sentence from the blackboard, ___________________?.
3) We didn´t do anything,_________________?.
4) You told me about it, ________________?.
5) Someday you will be my girlfriend, _______________?.
6) They weren´t listening to me, ____________________?.
Used to, still, and anymore
Used to (iust to) (acostumbraba, solía) = se usa cuando queremos decir que acostumbrábamos hacer o realizar una acción.
Ex:
+) he used to play a lot when he was a child.
(ji iust tu plei a lot jwen ji was a chaild)
(el solía o acostumbraba jugar un montón cuando era un niño)
-) he didn´t use to play a lot when he was a child.
?) Did he use to play a lot when he was a child?.
Still (stil) (todavía) = indica la continuidad de una acción en el presente, es decir, nos dice que una acción del pasado se continua haciendo en el presente; se usa solo en frases (+) y (¿).
Ex:
He still plays with his toys a lot.
(ji stil pleis wid jis tois a lot)
(el todavía juega con sus jugetes un montón)
Does he still play with his toys a lot?.
R = no, he doesn´t. Or yes, he still.
Note que "still" se coloca entre la persona y la acción, y también que la acción se pluraliza como normalmente lo hace con "he, she, e it".
Anymore (enimor) (ya mas) = indica que una acción ya no continua mas, y se usa solo en frases (-) e (?).
Ex:
I don´t play anymore (ai dont plei enimor) (yo no juego ya mas = yo ya no juego mas).
Do you play anymore? (du iu plei enimor?) (juegas tu mas? = continuas jugando?).
Vocabulario (expresiones útiles):
A little while (a litl wail) (un poco de tiempo, un ratito).
To be used to (tu bi iust tu) (estar acostumbrado, estar familiarizado. Después de el "to", una acción debe de ir con "ing".
To be fond of (tu bi fond ov) (estar encariñado con/de; tener cariño a).
I still want to be a little while with you.
She is used to studying until midnight.
My brother was very fond of his little puppy.
Entermediate 2 english practice, unit 6
"used to, still, anymore"
Complete the following sentences:
1) They were fat because they ________ eat a lot!.
2) He ________ is a great english teacher.
3) I don´t know him ___________.
4) What did we _________ play when we were children?.
5) Can I _______ be your friend?.
6) When she worked as a lawyer, she never _________ lie.
42. Pronombres indefinidos
Indefinite pronouns
(indefinit pronouns)
(pronombres indefinidos)
Los pronombres indefinidos son palabras que nos ayudan a nombrar personas, animales, cosas o lugares, sin especificar sexo o dirección; y se consideran siempre singulares.
Los que empiezan con "every" se usa en oraciones (+), (-) y (?), Y son los siguientes:
Everyone (evriwuan) (cada uno, todos).
Everybody (evribodi) (cada uno, todos, cada quien).
Everything (evriding) (cada cosa, todas las cosas).
Everywhere (evrijwer) (cada lugar, todas partes, todos los lugares).
Ex:
Everyone is here today (evriwuan is ji..r tudei) (todos están aquí hoy).
They sent everybody an invitation.
(dei sent evribodi an inviteishion)
(ellos enviaron a cada quien una invitación)
Did we like everything about it?.
(did ui laik evriding abaut it?)
(nos gusta todo acerca de eso?)
God is everywhere, that is, inside and outside of everyone of us.
(god is evrijwer, dat is, insaid and autsaid ov evriwuan ov os)
(dios esta por/en todas partes, es decir, dentro y fuera de cada uno de nosotros)
Los que empiezan con "no", son opuestos en significado a los que empiezan con "every", y solo se usan en frases (+) y (?), No se usan en frases negativas, porque por si mismos, ya expresan negación:
Noone (nowuan) (no uno, ninguno, nadie).
Nobody (nobodi) (no cuerpo, ninguno, nadie).
Nothing (noding) (no cosa, ninguna cosa, nada).
Nowhere (no lugar, ningún lugar).
Ex:
Noone wrote his name clearly.
(nowuan wrout jis neim cli..rli)
(ninguno escribió su nombre claramente)
I saw nobody that I knew.
(ai sou nobodi dat ai niu)
(yo no vi a nadie que yo conociera)
Was there noone in the room?.
(was der nowuan in de rum?)
(había nadie en el cuarto?)
She said nothing about your accident.
(shi sed noding abaut yur accident)
(ella dijo nada acerca de tu accidente)
Nothing makes me angrier than that!.
(noding meiks mi angrier dan dat!)
(¡nada me hace mas enojado que eso!)
There are nowhere you can hide from your own guilt.
(der ar nojwer iu can jaid from yur oun guilt)
(hay ningún lugar tu puedas esconderte de tu propia culpa)
Los que empiezan con "some", se utilizan en oraciones (+) y (?),
Y son los siguientes:
Someone (somwuan) (alguno/a, alguien).
Somebody (sombodi) (algún cuerpo, alguien).
Something (somding) (alguna cosa, algo).
Somewhere (somjwer) (algún lugar, alguna parte).
Ex:
Is there someone here?.
(is der somwuan jir?)
(hay alguen aquí?)
He is somewhere in this room.
(ji is somjwer in dis rum)
(él esta en alguna parte de este cuarto)
There is somebody there.
(der is sombodi der)
(hay alguien alla)
There is something I can´t remember.
(der is somding ai cant wrimember)
(hay algo que yo no recuerdo)
Los que empiezan con "any" tienen el mismo significado que las que empiezan con "some", pero se usan en oraciones (-) y (?).
Anyone (eniwuan) (alguien).
Anybody (enibodi) (alguien).
Anything (eniding) (alguna cosa, algo).
Anywhere (enijwer) (algún lugar).
Ex:
Is there anybody here?.
(¿is der enibodi jir?)
(hay alguién aquí?)
There isn´t anyone here. = there is no one here.
Can anybody do something to help me?.
There wasn´t anybody. = there was nobody.
Is there anything I can do for you?.
There isn´t anything. = there is nothing.
They weren´t anywhere. = they were nowhere.
Los que terminan en "any" también se pueden usar en oraciones (+), pero su significado cambia a "cualquier, cualquiera).
Either (ider) = como un adj. Significa "cualquier, cualquiera,".
Either of them (ider ov dem) (cualquiera de ellos).
Either you go or I go (ider iu gou or ai gou) (o vas tú o voy yo).
Each (i..ch) (cada, cada uno).
Each one of you (i..ch wuan ov iu) (cada uno de ustedes).
Ex:
Anybody in the office will help you.
(enibodi in di ofis will jelp iu)
(cualquiera en la oficina te ayudara)
Anyone can do this, it is so easy.
(eniwuan can du dis, it is sou i..si)
(cualquiera puede hacer esto, es tan facil)
I will like either of them that you choose.
anything
(ai wil laik ider ov dem dat iu chu..s)
(a mí me gustara cualquiera de ellos que tu elijas)
Either of you is going to come with me.
anyone
(ider ov iu is gouing tu com wid mi)
(cualquiera de ustedes va a venir conmigo)
Each one of us is a good friend of each one of you.
(i..ch wuan ov os is a gud frend ov i..ch wuan ov iu)
(cada uno de nosotros es un buen amigo de cada uno de ustedes)
Nota: "either" e "each" siempre son singulares, por eso en los ejemplos anterior llevan "is".
Entermediate 2 english practice, unit 6
"indefinite pronouns"
Complete the following sentences according the word in the parenthesis:
1) ________ one of us is a good friend of ______ one of you. (cada)
2) __________ can do this, it is so easy. (cualquiera)
3) Is there _________ here?. (alguien)
4) There are ______________ you can hide of your own guilt. (algun lugar)
5) Did we like __________ about the subject?. (cada cosa, todo)
6) I saw _________ that I knew in the party. (nadie, no-persona)
7) ___________ makes me angrier than that!. (nada, no-cosa)
43. Pronombres relativos
Relative pronouns
(wrelativ pronouns)
(pronombres relativos)
Los pronombres relativos se usan para dar informacion extra acerca de una persona, un lugar, un objeto, o del tiempo u hora.
"who (ju)"; y "whom (jum) (a quien, quien) = se usan solo con personas.
"whose (jus) (cuyo/a)" = se usa para indicar posesion.
"where" o "in which" = se usan para lugares.
"which" = se refiere a cosas o animales.
"when" = se refiere al tiempo u hora.
"that (dat) (que) (c)" = se refiere a personas, cosas o animales.
1) who (ju) (que / quien...):
Ex:
The man who is playing baseball will win the game.
(de man ju is pleing beisbol wil win de gueim)
(el hombre quien/que esta jugando baseball ganara el juego)
The student who studies hard will pass the final exam.
(de student ju studis jard wil pas de fainal exam)
(el estudiante que estudie duro pasara el examen final)
2) whom (jum) (quien, quienes).
Ex:
He is the man to whom we all admire!.
(ji is de man jum ui ol admair!)
(él es el hombre a quien todos nosotros admiramos!)
From whom did you receive ti?
(from jum did iu wrici..v it?)
(¿de quién lo recibistes?)
The man to whom I gave the present is my cousin.
(de man tu jum ai gueiv de present is mai cousin)
(el hombre a quien yo le di el regalo es mi primo)
Several people came to my party, none of whom i knew.
(several pipl keim tu mai parti, non ov jum ai niu)
(varias personas vinieron a mi fiesta, ninguno de quienes yo conocia)
Nota: en lugar de "none of whom" se puede poner "and I didn´t know any of them (y yo no conocia a ninguno de ellos)".
3) whose (jus) (de quien, de quienes, cuyo/a).
Ex:
Whose is this?
(jus is dis?)
(¿de quién es esto?)
Whose car is this?.
(jus car is dis?)
(¿de quién es este carro?)
He whose car is big will give it away to us.
(ji jus car is big wil giv it awei tu os)
(el cuyo carro es grande nos lo regalara)
They whose trousers are black are my relatives.
(dei jus trausers ar black ar mai wrelativs)
(ellos cuyos pantalones son negros son mis parientes)
The person whose keys I found must be worried.
(de person jus kis ai faund most bi wowried)
(la persona cuyas llaves yo encontre debe estar preocupado)
4) which (wich) (que; el/lo/la cual).
Ex:
The book which is on the table is mine.
(de buk wich is on de teibl is main)
(el libro que esta/el cual esta en la mesa es mio)
The horse which he rides is big and black.
(de jors wich ji wraids is big and black)
(el caballo que el monta es grande y negro)
5) when (jwen) (cuando...).
Ex:
Yesterday was the day when all the people in my office said the truth.
(yesterdei was de dei jwen ol de pipl in mai ofis sed de trud)
(ayer fue el día cuando toda la gente en mi oficina dijo la verdad)
The day, when she came, was very warm.
(de dei, jwen shi keim, was vewri worm)
(el día, cuando ella vino, estaba muy calido)
6) where (jwer) (donde...).
Ex:
The stadium where they are playing football is the biggest of the world.
(de stadium jwer dei ar pleing futbol is de bigest ov de world)
(el estadio donde ellos estan jugando football es el mas grande de el mundo)
7) "who, which, when" a veces pueden ser reemplazados por "that".
Ex:
The book which (that) is on the table is mine.
He is the man who (that) is very good playing football.
The day when (that) she came was warm.
"where" se puede sustituir por "in which" o por "on which" (en el/la cual) según lo que se quiera dar a entender.
Ex:
The office where (in which) i work is next to that shop.
This is the street where (on which) i live.
8) los pronombres relativos con/y las preposiciones.
Ex:
This is the dog of which she is afraid = this is the dog which she is afraid of.
I know the man from whose son you bought the car = I know the man whose son from you bought the car.
The teacher in whose class I learned most is mr. Jones = the teacher whose class I learned most in is mr. Jones.
The person with whom I am most is my best friend = the person whom I am most with is my best friend.
This is the book about which I was talking to her = this is the book which I was talking to her about.
The person for whom I am waiting is my sister = the person whom I am waiting for is my sister.
You are the person to whom I am going to tell the truth = you are the person whom I am going to tell the truth to.
Intermidiate 2 english practice, unit 6,
"relative pronouns"