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Rapa Nui (Easter Island) Rapa Nui meas: “Te Pito O Te Kainga A Hau Maka” means “The little piece of land of Hau Maka” “Te Pito o te Kainga” means “the womb” “Mata ki te rangi” means “eyes looking the sky” “Rapa Nui” means “big Rapa” Easter Island is located in South America. Easter Island is a special territory of Chile (Polynesian Islands). Nowadays the capital city is Hanga Roa. The main ancient cities was: Hanga Rea, Oroj, Orongo, Poike, Hatu Hi, etc. In this territory there are three volcanoes: Poike, Terevaka (altitude 507 metres) and Rano Kau, that is, the refief is mountainous. The climate in this region is subtropical maritime. In Easter Island rains mostly in April, occasionally, heavy rainfall and rainstroms and constantly it is exposed to winds. The lowest temperatures are registered in July and August (18° C) and the highest in February (maximum temperature 28°C) Some scientistis say the Easter Island was settled as recently as 1200 CE.(In the movie said …1500 years ago…). Eastern Islanders claimed that a chief Hotu Matu’a and his sister, Ava Reipua (the queen), arrived on the island in the one or two large canoes with his wife and extended family. They are believed to have been Polynesian. The Austronesian Polynesians, who first settled the island, are likely to have arrived from the Marquesas Islands from the west. These settlers brought bananas, taro, sugarcane, paper mulberry, chickens and Polynesian Rats. They deforested the island and wiped out some trees. When Rapa Nui society reached their height level, they were about 10 mil inhabitants, they were twelve mata, but they deforested the island, the food was not enough because the population were increasing. These reasons provoke clan wars and the end of the civilization. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Chronology o 1680. Rapa Nui society divided in two class: short ears and long ears (nobility). o End of the moai period o December 1862. Peruvian slave raiders struck Easter Island. Eventually capturing or killing about half of the island’s population (around 1500 persons). o Autumn 1863.The slaves were freed, but most of them had already died of ill. The wise men died. o Started and smallpox epidemic. It reduced the island’s population o Start clan wars o January 1864. Eugéne Eyraud, the first Christian missionary arrived. o 1867. Tuberculosis epidemic raged over the island, taking a quarter of the island’s remaining population of 1200 includiing the last member of the island’s royal family, the 13 years old Manu Rangi. o August 1868. Eyraud died of tuberculosis when the entire Rapa Nui population had become Roma Catholic o April 5th 1722. Jacob Roggeven (Dutch) rediscover the Easter Island and give it that name. o November 15, 1770. Spanishmen conquested the island and give it the name of the king of the Spain, Carlos III. o September 9th, 1888. Annexation to Chile o 1933. Rapa Nui become in a special territory of Chile ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ The most important people that lived in Easter Island were: Eugéne Eyraud, Hotu Matu, Jacob Roggeven, Haumaka, and Ava Reipua. Patriarchal society was the social organization for Easter Island. The society was divided into three classes: nobility (Ariki and the main priests), Huru Manu (fishermen and farmers, that is, ordinary settlers) and Kios (prisioners, that is, slaves and servants) Nobility Warriors Wise men Sculptor Huru Manu Kios The greater part of the population lived near of the agriculture area. Near of the coastals they build the religious, politicial ceremonial centers (anakena and akahanga) and there they payed worship to the moais. o Hare paenga: a house with an elliptical foundation, made with basalt slabs and covered with a thatched roof that resembled and overturned boat o Hare oka: a round stone structure, similar to the Tupa o Tupa: a round stone structre inhabited by astronomer-priest and located near the coast, where the movements of the stars can be easily observed. o Hare moa (“chiken house”): oblong stone structures that were used to store chickens at night. o Houses at the ceremonial village of Orongo: are shaped like hare paenga but are made enirely of flat basalt slabs found inside Rano Kao crater. The entrances to all the houses are very low, and entry requires crawling. Families were part of a clan, they cannot got married with people who was of the others clans. It means monogame marriages. Women cannot participate in the Birdman contest and they never could be the Ariki. Women cannot build moais. Women cannot fish. Turtles could not be fished. People wore rings, earrings, neck laces, with bones, bangles. To some rituals and ceremonies, they paint over their body with vegetal paint. Also they wear tattoos over their bodies. They wore loincloth. People ate sweetpotatoes, sugarcanes, eggs, bananas, taro, yam, tune (only for nobility), fish and mollusks. They tamed polynesian rat, chikens, dogs, and pigs. Moreover they used the chickens as an exchange way, but they only can exchange with the other clans. People work maily doing ships, sculpturing moais or sowing, tree felling, fishing, building (The main monuments that they built were: Moais, Ahu, Manavini, Ahu Tongariki, Ahu Akivi), writing or devoted themself to medicine or astronomichal topics. The government system was chiefdom, that is, Ariki was the leader and the priest helps him to make decitions. Ariki was engarge of distribute all the food and the properties. He was transportated in a special little throne moved by slaves and people moved using canoes or just walking throug the island. In order to know who was going to be the next Ariki was necessary do the Birdmen contest. The priest was the risht hand of the Ariki, he consulted the future and helped to the Ariki, and people obeyed his orders. Priest can made decisions about the organization. The Rapa Nui society was divided in ten clans (mata) with one territory (kainga) for each clan. Clans were subdivided into lineages (uru) They were dividen in two confederations governed by the Ariki: Ko Tu’u Aro, in the north and Ko tu’u Hotu Iti, in the south. Each Clan may participate in the Birdman contest for the political power of the Rapa Nui society. Each clan had their own leader but every clan had to do everything that Ariki wanted to. The main gods of Rapa Nui people were: Make-Make, Tiki, Uote, Tane, Aku-Aku (the guardians of the sacred family caves). Priest had to have astronomichal knowledge, and write in the writing systems, supervise the rituals and ceremonies, and help to the Ariki to make decisions. They embalsam their dead people, and make a ritual for their dead people found their ancesors. They made canoes to the rituals. The main ceremonies and rituals made there were: Birdman contest (Tangata Manu): contest to choose the next Ariki, each clan had their own contestant, and each contestant had their own proposal for the next Ariki. The contest was swimming, climbing, running and bring to the priest one egg. Mana Moais: build a moai for the birdman contest Ritual of the cave of the virgins: it was a ritual to purify a girl, when she was get married with a boy who was to the different clan, she had to do this ritual. Burying people in secret caves. They later started burying people in secret caves in order to save the bones from desecration by enemies. Funerary canoes: people of Rapa Nui reportedly set the dead out to the sea in small funerary canoes Possibly the rituals start when the child born cutting the umbilical cord Ceremonies of the first hair cut Ceremonies of the first loincloth They made rituals of tattoos on their legs, when they were eight years. Rituals to become in adults Ceremonies of death: embalsam dead people Cannibalism (the winner eat the loser’s body to have their strength) About the ability of understand the writing, only a small part of the population was ever literate, rongorongo being a privilege of the ruling families and priests. Rapa nui had two differents manifestation of writing: Petroglyphs: are pictures carved into rock for a variety of reasons: to create totems, to mark territory or to memorialize a person or event. Rongo-Rongo: glyphs carved into rock with several insturments. Scribes used obsidian flakes, small shark teeth, sharped bones, steel blade or steel knives (after the arrival of the Spanish) to write on Tablet N, using sharped bone and also obsidian flakes. Rapa Nui people wrote about differents themes among petroglyphs such as Birdmen, sea turtles, Komari (vulvas) and Make-Make, the chief god of the Tangata manu or Birdman cult. Rongorongo texts might contain a genealogy, their calendar and astronomic knowledge, their history (how they had arrived there), calendrical knowledge, lists with the names of enemy prisoners, rituals, prays, holy songs, fertility, death. Rongorongo texts are: Tahua Small Santiago Large Vienna Small Washington Angata manu Aruku kurenga Large Santiago Small Vienna Large Washington Paris Snuffbox Mamari Santiago Staff Berlin Fluted Honolulu Poike palimpsest Echancrée Large reimiro Large Saint Petersburg Honolulu beam Deciphement Keiti London Small Saint Petersburg Honolulu oar Lunisolar calendar Chauvet fragment Small reimiro Honolulu fragment They made art using vegetal paint, obsidian, basalt, red scoria and the main topics were: humans, birds, Birdmens, double-headed birds, hands, foots, turtles, fish, centipedes, plants, tools, sun, stars, geometric shapes. The art mainly was cavered out into rocks One of the classic elements of ahu design was a paved plaza before the ahu. This was called marae. Also fill the inside of the ahu with rubble. The whites of the eyes (of the moais)were made of coral, the iris was made of obsidian or red scoria. With the arrival of the Spanish they had metallurgical knowledge. People also used the vegetal paint to paint their bodies. Rapa Nui made numerous inventions among them there are: ships, writing system, rongo-rongo writing system, nets, lunisolar calendar [very closed with agricultural issues, the natives reckoned their time, and in fact do so still by moons or months, commencing the year with August. Contains thirteen months (according to the Thomson records) or only twelve (according to other authors records).The month was dividen in two, beginning with the new and full moon. The new moon occurred on November 25 and again on the night of December 24 and the crescent was first visible on November 26], canoes, ropes, tramp for fish. They had many technological inventions among them are the following ones: o Logs: were used to transport the moais o Sweet potatoes: were used lubricate logs for make them (logs) last longer o Nets: were used to fish o Rope: were used to move the moais and to do other things. o Writing instruments such as obsidian flakes: were used to caver out into rock o Ships: to the small funerary o Canoes: people of Rapa Nui reportedly set the dead out to the sea in small funerary canoes o Stone tools (toki) o Stone hook: were used to fish o Bone hook: were used to fish o Oka (wood handle for farm) o Tramp for fish o Aqueduct for water the crops o Guano used as fertilizer o Pumpkins were used as containers o For counting they used their fingers, starting with the left hand. BIBLIOGRAPHY: “Cultura”. Internationalms. http://www.internationalms.com/isladepascua/cultura.htm. 20/09/2010 “Easter Island”. Easter Island home page. http://www.netaxs.com/~trance/rapanui.html. 20/09/2010 “Easter Island”. Let’s go Chile. http://www.letsgochile.com/locations/central-zone/pacific-islands/easter-island. 20/09/2010 “Orden cronológico”. Google. http://www.google.com.mx/search?q=cultura+rapa+nui&hl=es&client=firefox-a&sa=X&rls=org.mozilla:es-ES:official&prmd=i&tbs=tl:1&tbo=u&ei=1PuWTNOYHYe8sQPyn_3kCQ&oi=timeline_result&ct=title&resnum=17&ved=0CF8Q5wIwEA. 20/09/2010 “Historia de la Isla de Pascua”. Wikipedia. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Isla_de_Pascua. 20/09/2010 “Cultura Rapa Nui online”. Rapa Nui al paraíso. http://www.rapanuivalparaiso.cl/in_troduc.htm. . 20/09/2010 “Easter Island”. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Island#Location_and_physical_geography. . 20/09/2010 “Rongorongo”. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo#Writing_instruments. 20/09/2010 “Rapa Nui Calendar”. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapa_Nui_calendar. 20/09/2010 “Pueblos originarios de Chile” .Precolombiano.http://www.precolombino.cl/preco_upl/pdf/53/cap7.pdf. 20/09/2010 “Sistemas de numeración”. Terra.http://www.terra.es/personal/arey42/sist_num.htm. 20/09/2010 “Ahu Tongariki”. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahu_Tongariki. 20/09/2010 Last date entered: 20/09/2010

Characters and brief summary of Genesis, Exodus, Samuel, Job, King, Matthew and Luke Genesis: Creation Genesis 1 It's about how God created the world First day - The day and the night were created ('Let there be light') Second day - The sky was created Third day - Separated the waters from the land, and created the plants Fourth day - Sun, moon and the stars were created Fifth day - The sea creatures and creatures which live in the air were created Sixth day - The animals of the earth and the human were created Seventh day - God rested from all work he had done (At the beginning of Genesis 2) Genesis 2 & 3: Garden of Eden It's about the Garden of Eden and the original sin God forms man from the dust of the ground and plants a garden in Eden, there he puts the man. Out of the ground the Lord God makes to grow every tree, the tree of life (in the midst), and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. A river flows out of Eden and from there it becomes four branches (Pishon, Gihon, Tigris and Euphrates) The Lord commands the man eat from every tree except from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. Then he forms the animals, and bring them to the man to see what he would call them. So God causes a deep sleep to fall upon the man and took one of his ribs and closes up its place with flesh, and he makes it into a woman (man's partner and helper). The serpent, the most crafty animal, tricks the woman to make her eat from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. Then she gives the fruit to her husband and after that they realize that they are naked and sew fig leaves to make loincloths. The lord pusnishes them: the serpent shall go upon her belly, eat dust and be the woman's enemy; he increases the woman's pags in childbearing; and the man will work to eat xD. The man calls Eve to his wife. Interesting facts Though everyone imagine the fruit that Adan and Eve eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil (means responsability from own actions) as an apple, in the bible is never specified what kind of fruit is or how it looks like. Genesis 4: Cain and Abel It's about the story of Cain and Abel Both are Eve's sons. Cain - the oldest and tiller of the ground Abel - the youngest and sheepkeeper Cain bring to the Lord an offering of the fruit of the ground, and Abel for his part brings part of the fristlings of his flock. Because God only regards Abel's offering Cain gets angry and says to his brother 'Let us go out to the field', and when they are in the field, Cain kills Abel. And God says to Cain 'when you till the ground it will no longer yield to you its strength, you will be a fugitive and a wanderer on the earth and whoever kills you will suffer a sevenfold vengeance'. Then Cain settles in Nod (means wandering). Lamech, Cain descendant, kills a man for wounding him and says 'If Cain is avenged sevenfold, truly I seventy-sevenfold' Genesis 5 Noah is Lamech descendant and has three sons (Shem, Ham and Japeth) Genesis 6, 7, 8 and 9: Noah and the flow Nephilim-giants, heroes and warriors of renown, they exist in Noah times and also when the son of Gods (angels) went in to the daughters of humans The lord saw the wickedness of humankind and command Noah to build an ark of cypress (means uncertain in Heb) wood and bring two of every kind of living thing into the ark (male and female) and food. When Noah finished the ark God says to Noah 'Take with you seven pairs of all clean animals and a pair of the animals that are not clean (clean animals are the ones that are good for food) for in seven days I will send rain for forty days. The waters swelled on the earth for one hundred and fifty days. Forty days after the mountains appeared, Noah send out a raven to see if the waters had subsided from the face of the ground, and the raven went to and fro until the waters were dried up from the earth, then Noah send out the dove from him, but the dove found no place to set its food and returned to him to the ark. He waited another seven days and again he sent out the dove from the ark, and the dove came back to him in eening and there in its beak was a freshly plucked olive leaf, so Noah new that the waters had subsided from the earth. Then he waited another seven days, and sent out the dove, and it did not return to him any more. Then Noah ult an altar to the Lord, and took of every clean animal and of every clean bird, and offered burn-offerings on the altar. The lord made a convenant with Noah 'for all future generations he have set his bow in the clouds (a rainbow) as a sign of the convenant (he will never send a flow to destroy the life on the earth)' Noah was the first to plant a vineyard and drank some of wine and became drunk, so he lay uncovered in his tent. Ham, the father of Canaan, saw the nakedness of his father and told his brothers outside. Then Shem and Japheth took a garment, laid it on both their shoulders and walked backwards and covered the nakedness of his father. When Noah knew what his youngest son had done to him, he coursed Canaan saying lowest of slaves shall he be to his brothers, and blessed Shem and beg for Japheth. Genesis 11: Babel Story The earth had one language and settled in Shinar. They made bricks ad started building a city and a tower with its top in the heavens. When God saw this he decided to confuse their language to stop them, because nothing they propose to do will be imposible for them. Therefore it was called Babel (means 'to confuse'). Theran was Shem descendant (Noah's son) and has three sons Abram, Nahor and Haran. Abram took Sarai as a wife, and she was barren. Genesis 16 and 17: Abram, Hagar, Sarai and Ishmael Sarai has an Egyptian slave girl, named Hagar, and Sarai said to Abram that he must go in to her slave gilr to obtain a children, so Abram did what Sarai has commanded him and when Hagar realized that she was pregnant, she looked with comtempt on her mistress. Then Hagar ran away from Sarai and when an angel found her, he said to her: return with mistress, you shall bear a son and call him Ishmael (means 'God hears') for the Lord has given heed to your afflection. She named the Lord who spoke to her, ‘You are El-roi’, (means God who sees) for she said, ‘Have I really seen God and remained alive after seeing him?’ Therefore the well was called Beer-lahai-roi (means 'one who sees me') it lies between Kadesh and Bered. Then the Lord made a convenant with Abram, he will make him the ancestor of a multitud of nations, and changes Abram's name to Abraham (means ancestor of a multitude), every male among Abram shall be circumcised when they are eight days old. The lord also blessed Sarai so she could concive a son and changed her name to Sarah. Sarah bear a son and named Isaac (means 'he laughs' because Sarai laughed when the Lord said her that she will bear a son even if she was already old) Interesting facts Pay attention in the importance of the names, when their destiny changes, their names do the same, and the places takes a name which relates the events that took place there. Genesis 18 and 19: Sodom and Gomorrah The Lord went to Sodom and Gomorrah to see if the outcry agaisnt them was true. The Lord said Abraham about his plans and Abraham persuaded him that if there are 10 righteous people, he will not destroy the city. Lot - Terah's grandson, Haran's son (Haran is brother of Abram) Two angels came to Sodom in the evening and Lot was sitting in the gateway of Sodom, when he saw them, he rose to meet them and bowed down with his face to the ground. He said to them 'Please spend the night and wash your feet, then you can rise early and go on your way', after Lot urged them strongly they accepted to go in, Lot made feast and unleavened bread for them. People of Sodom surrounded the house because they want to see the man inside. Lot offered to them his two daughters (who he says has never seen a man before) instead of their guests, they refused to accept and the two angels brought Lot into the house with them and struck with blindness the men outside. Then the angels suggest him to take his sons in law, sons, daughters or anyone he has in the city because they are about to destroy it. When morning dawned, the angels urged Lot, saying 'Get up, take your wife and your two daughters who are her or else you will be consumed in the punishment of the city, flee for your life, do not look back or stop anywhere in the Plain'. Lot fled to Zoar (means 'little' because of his seize). Then the Lord rained on Sodom and Gomorrah sulphur and fire from the Lord out of heaven. But Lot's wife, behind him, looked back, and she became a pillar of salt. Lot was afraid to stay in Zoar, so he lived in a cave with his two daughters, and they made his father drink wine to lay with him to preserve offpring throught their father because no man on earth will come to them. The firstborn bore a son and named him Moab and the younger bore Ben-ammi Genesis 21: Isaac Sarah bore Isaac to Abraham and he circumcised. Sarah saw Ishmael (Hagar and Abraham's son) playing with Isaac and she commanded Abraham to cast out Hagar and her son away for the son of this slave woman shall not inherit along with her son. Lord suggets Abraham to do what Sarah had said to him, so Abraham took bread and a skin of water and gave it to Hagar and sent her away. Hagar wandered in the wilderness of Beer-sheba (named in that way because there Abimelech and Abraham made a convenant there). When the water in the skin was gone, she cast the child under one of the bushes, she wept and the Lord helped her and opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water. She went and filled the skin with water and gave the boy a drink. Ishmael became an expert with the bow. En progreso...

Characters and brief summary of Genesis, Exodus, Samuel, Job, King, Matthew and Luke Genesis Genesis 1: Creation It's about how God created the world First day - The day and the night were created ('Let there be light') Second day - The sky was created Third day - Separated the waters from the land, and created the plants Fourth day - Sun, moon and the stars were created Fifth day - The sea creatures and creatures which live in the air were created Sixth day - The animals of the earth and the human were created Seventh day - God rested from all work he had done (At the beginning of Genesis 2) Genesis 2 & 3: Garden of Eden It's about the Garden of Eden and the original sin God forms man from the dust of the ground and plants a garden in Eden, there he puts the man. Out of the ground the Lord God makes to grow every tree, the tree of life (in the midst), and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. A river flows out of Eden and from there it becomes four branches (Pishon, Gihon, Tigris and Euphrates) The Lord commands the man eat from every tree except from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. Then he forms the animals, and bring them to the man to see what he would call them. So God causes a deep sleep to fall upon the man and took one of his ribs and closes up its place with flesh, and he makes it into a woman (man's partner and helper). The serpent, the most crafty animal, tricks the woman to make her eat from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. Then she gives the fruit to her husband and after that they realize that they are naked and sew fig leaves to make loincloths. The lord pusnishes them: the serpent shall go upon her belly, eat dust and be the woman's enemy; he increases the woman's pags in childbearing; and the man will work to eat xD. The man calls Eve to his wife. Interesting facts Though everyone imagine the fruit that Adan and Eve eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil (means responsability from own actions) as an apple, in the bible is never specified what kind of fruit is or how it looks like. Genesis 4: Cain and Abel It's about the story of Cain and Abel Both are Eve's sons. Cain - the oldest and tiller of the ground Abel - the youngest and sheepkeeper Cain bring to the Lord an offering of the fruit of the ground, and Abel for his part brings part of the fristlings of his flock. Because God only regards Abel's offering Cain gets angry and says to his brother 'Let us go out to the field', and when they are in the field, Cain kills Abel. And God says to Cain 'when you till the ground it will no longer yield to you its strength, you will be a fugitive and a wanderer on the earth and whoever kills you will suffer a sevenfold vengeance'. Then Cain settles in Nod (means wandering). Lamech, Cain descendant, kills a man for wounding him and says 'If Cain is avenged sevenfold, truly I seventy-sevenfold' Genesis 5 Noah is Lamech descendant and has three sons (Shem, Ham and Japeth) Genesis 6, 7, 8 and 9: Noah and the flow Nephilim-giants, heroes and warriors of renown, they exist in Noah times and also when the son of Gods (angels) went in to the daughters of humans The lord saw the wickedness of humankind and command Noah to build an ark of cypress (means uncertain in Heb) wood and bring two of every kind of living thing into the ark (male and female) and food. When Noah finished the ark God says to Noah 'Take with you seven pairs of all clean animals and a pair of the animals that are not clean (clean animals are the ones that are good for food) for in seven days I will send rain for forty days. The waters swelled on the earth for one hundred and fifty days. Forty days after the mountains appeared, Noah send out a raven to see if the waters had subsided from the face of the ground, and the raven went to and fro until the waters were dried up from the earth, then Noah send out the dove from him, but the dove found no place to set its food and returned to him to the ark. He waited another seven days and again he sent out the dove from the ark, and the dove came back to him in eening and there in its beak was a freshly plucked olive leaf, so Noah new that the waters had subsided from the earth. Then he waited another seven days, and sent out the dove, and it did not return to him any more. Then Noah ult an altar to the Lord, and took of every clean animal and of every clean bird, and offered burn-offerings on the altar. The lord made a convenant with Noah 'for all future generations he have set his bow in the clouds (a rainbow) as a sign of the convenant (he will never send a flow to destroy the life on the earth)' Noah was the first to plant a vineyard and drank some of wine and became drunk, so he lay uncovered in his tent. Ham, the father of Canaan, saw the nakedness of his father and told his brothers outside. Then Shem and Japheth took a garment, laid it on both their shoulders and walked backwards and covered the nakedness of his father. When Noah knew what his youngest son had done to him, he coursed Canaan saying lowest of slaves shall he be to his brothers, and blessed Shem and beg for Japheth. Genesis 11: Babel Story The earth had one language and settled in Shinar. They made bricks ad started building a city and a tower with its top in the heavens. When God saw this he decided to confuse their language to stop them, because nothing they propose to do will be imposible for them. Therefore it was called Babel (means 'to confuse'). Theran was Shem descendant (Noah's son) and has three sons Abram, Nahor and Haran. Abram took Sarai as a wife, and she was barren. Genesis 16 and 17: Abram, Hagar, Sarai and Ishmael Sarai has an Egyptian slave girl, named Hagar, and Sarai said to Abram that he must go in to her slave gilr to obtain a children, so Abram did what Sarai has commanded him and when Hagar realized that she was pregnant, she looked with comtempt on her mistress. Then Hagar ran away from Sarai and when an angel found her, he said to her: return with mistress, you shall bear a son and call him Ishmael (means 'God hears') for the Lord has given heed to your afflection. She named the Lord who spoke to her, ‘You are El-roi’, (means God who sees) for she said, ‘Have I really seen God and remained alive after seeing him?’ Therefore the well was called Beer-lahai-roi (means 'one who sees me') it lies between Kadesh and Bered. Then the Lord made a convenant with Abram, he will make him the ancestor of a multitud of nations, and changes Abram's name to Abraham (means ancestor of a multitude), every male among Abram shall be circumcised when they are eight days old. The lord also blessed Sarai so she could concive a son and changed her name to Sarah. Sarah bear a son and named Isaac (means 'he laughs' because Sarai laughed when the Lord said her that she will bear a son even if she was already old) Interesting facts Pay attention in the importance of the names, when their destiny changes, their names do the same, and the places takes a name which relates the events that took place there. Genesis 18 and 19: Sodom and Gomorrah The Lord went to Sodom and Gomorrah to see if the outcry agaisnt them was true. The Lord said Abraham about his plans and Abraham persuaded him that if there are 10 righteous people, he will not destroy the city. Lot - Terah's grandson, Haran's son (Haran is brother of Abram) Two angels came to Sodom in the evening and Lot was sitting in the gateway of Sodom, when he saw them, he rose to meet them and bowed down with his face to the ground. He said to them 'Please spend the night and wash your feet, then you can rise early and go on your way', after Lot urged them strongly they accepted to go in, Lot made feast and unleavened bread for them. People of Sodom surrounded the house because they want to see the man inside. Lot offered to them his two daughters (who he says has never seen a man before) instead of their guests, they refused to accept and the two angels brought Lot into the house with them and struck with blindness the men outside. Then the angels suggest him to take his sons in law, sons, daughters or anyone he has in the city because they are about to destroy it. When morning dawned, the angels urged Lot, saying 'Get up, take your wife and your two daughters who are her or else you will be consumed in the punishment of the city, flee for your life, do not look back or stop anywhere in the Plain'. Lot fled to Zoar (means 'little' because of his seize). Then the Lord rained on Sodom and Gomorrah sulphur and fire from the Lord out of heaven. But Lot's wife, behind him, looked back, and she became a pillar of salt. Lot was afraid to stay in Zoar, so he lived in a cave with his two daughters, and they made his father drink wine to lay with him to preserve offpring throught their father because no man on earth will come to them. The firstborn bore a son and named him Moab and the younger bore Ben-ammi Genesis 21: Isaac Sarah bore Isaac to Abraham and he circumcised. Sarah saw Ishmael (Hagar and Abraham's son) playing with Isaac and she commanded Abraham to cast out Hagar and her son away for the son of this slave woman shall not inherit along with her son. Lord suggets Abraham to do what Sarah had said to him, so Abraham took bread and a skin of water and gave it to Hagar and sent her away. Hagar wandered in the wilderness of Beer-sheba (named in that way because there Abimelech and Abraham made a convenant there). When the water in the skin was gone, she cast the child under one of the bushes, she wept and the Lord helped her and opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water. She went and filled the skin with water and gave the boy a drink. Ishmael became an expert with the bow. Genesis 21: Abraham is willing to give his son, Isaac, as a burnt offering The Lord commanded Abraham to give his son as a burnt offering, so Abraham tricks his son and take him to the place where he shall kill his son, and built an altar before and laid wood in order. He bound his son and laid him on the altar, on the top of the wood. He reached out his hand and took the knife to kill his son but the Lord stoped him and because Abraham proves he fears God enought to kill his son, so the Lord gave them a ram to the offering and the place was called 'The Lord will provide'. Abraham went to Beer-sheba. Genesis 25 and 27: Jacob stoles the fistright and the blesssing to Esau Abraham took another wife whose name was Keturah. Abraham gave all he had to Isaac, but to the sons of his concubines Abraham gave gifts. He was buried in Machpelah by Isaac and Ishmael. Isaac settled at Beer-lahai-roi. Isaac was 40 years old when he married Rebekah. She bore twins, Esau (firstborn) and Jacob (means 'he supplants'). Isaac loves Esau and Rebekah loved Jacob. Once when Jacob was cooking a stew, Esau came in from the field and he was famished. Esau said to Jacob 'Let me eat of that red stuff, for I am famished' (therefore he was called Edom, which means 'red') Jacob said 'First sell me your birthright', so Esau swore to him and sold his birthright to Jacob. Then Jacob gave Esau bread and lentil stew. When Isaac was old he called Esau and asked him to hunt game for him, prepare him a savoury food, so that he may bless him before dies. Rebekah listened this and said to Jacob 'Go to the flock and get me two choice kids, so that I may prepare from them savoury food for your father, so that he may bless you before he dies' Rebekah put the skin of the kids on his hand and on the smooth part of his neck (because Esau was hairy) Then Jacob went to his father and he blessed Jacob and when Jacob gone out from the presence of his father, Esau came in from his hunting and Isaac realized that Jacob was supplanted Esau and when Esau asks him for blessing, Isaac answers that he cannot because Jacob has taken away his blessing. So Esau said to Rebekah that he will kill his brother and she warmed Jacob and commanded him to flee. en edicion....