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Letters: A good letter should consist of: 1. appropriate greeting 2. introduction clearly stating the reason why you are writing 3. main body in which the subject is developed 4. final paragraph in which you sum up the topics to express your wish for something to be done 5. appropriate ending Inside adress (only formal) (info of receiver) Heading: (info of writer) Mrs. René Rios 123 Elm St. Headmistress NY Florida Day School USA Urquiza 923 December 3rd, 2009 Bs.As Argentina Formal style: • salutation (Dear Mr. Mrs. Miss + full name, Sir, Madam) -DO NOT WRITE A JOB AFTER DEAR- • frequent use of passive • formal language • no abbreviated forms nor phrasal verbs • “I look forward to /ing-noun” • subscription (Yours faithfully-no name-, Yours sincerely + full name) Informal style: • salutation (Dear + name/nickname) • informal language • abbreviated forms, pronouns omitted, idioms • “Looking forward to /ing-noun” • Subscription (Best wishes, lots of love + name/nickname) Letters asking advice: Paragraph plan Paragraph 1: reasons for writing Paragraph 2 and 3: description of the problem Final paragraph: closing remarks, full name Opening remarks: (Formal) I would appreciate if you could give me some advice on/ I would be grateful if you could offer your advice on (Informal) Can you give me your advice on/ I’ve got a problem and I need your advice on Closing remarks: (Formal) I would appreciate if you could give me your advice as soon as possible/ I look forward to receiving your advice (Informal) What do you think I should do? / Please let me know what you think I should do Letters giving advice: Paragraph plan Paragraph 1: thanks for letter/ express understanding of the problem Paragraph 2 and 3: suggestions + reasons Final paragraph: closing remarks, full name Opening remarks: (Formal) I am writing in reply to your letter asking for advice on / I hope the following advice will be of some help (Informal) I just got your letter and I think I can help you / I was sorry to hear about your problem. Here is what I think you should do Suggestions: (Formal) I strongly recommend you that / I believe the best course of action is (Informal) Why don´t you / You should / It would be a good idea to Closing remarks: (Formal) I trust you will accept this advice / I would very much like to know if this was helpful (Informal) Let me know what happens / Hope this has helped Letters of complaint: Paragraph plan Paragraph 1: reason for writing Paragraph 2 and 3: complaints + justification Final paragraph: suggested actions to be taken + closing remarks + full name Opening remarks: (Mild) I am writing to draw your attention to / I am writing on occount of my disgust at (Strong) I want to express my strong dissatisfaction with / I feel I must protest about Closing remarks: (Mild) I hope we can solve out this matter amicably (Strong) I insist upon a full compensation / I hope not to be forced to take further actions Expressions: inexcusable, faulty, unacceptable, malfunction, purchased, refund, to make matters worse, what is more, the las straw. You would be wise to guard against such appalling tratment of your customers in the future / As a regular customer of yours, I feel disappointed with the way I have been trated and I hope that steps will be taken to rectify the situation Letters of apology: Paragraph plan Paragraph 1: reason for writing Paragraphs 2 and 3: reasons to explain the inconvenient cause Final paragraph: express understanding / regret / promise to make up for the situation + closing remarks, full name Opening remarks: (Formal) Please accept my sincerest apologies for/ How can I apologize enough for / I must apologise profusely for (Informal) I owe you an apology / I can´t describe how sorry I am and how guilty I feel Closing remarks: (Formal) Once again, sincerest apologies for / I hope my opologies will be accepted (Informal) I hope you believe how sorry I am / I beg you forgive me for Expressions: In an attemp to make up for the inconvenience caused, we are sending you a complimentary gift Letters of invitation: Paragraph plan Paragraph 1: reasons for writing Paragraphs 2 and 3: details + directions Final paragraph: closing remarks + full name Opening remarks: (Formal) I cordially invite you to / We would be honored if you (Informal) I’m writing to invite you to / I’d love it if you could come to Closing remarks: (Formal) We would be grateful if you could / Please indicate whether you will be able to attend (Informal) Looking forward to seeing you then / I hope you’ll be able to make it Directions: In case you don’t know the exact location / Here are a few directions so you don’t get lost: follow, round-about, turn left/right into, T-junction, traffic lights, cross walk, one-handed road, go along. Letters accepting an invitation: Paragraph plan Paragraph 1: thanks for the invitation Paragraphs 2 and 3: acceptance of invitation + further comments Final paragraph: closing remarks + full name Opening remarks: (Formal) Thank you for the kind of invitation which I would be honored to accept / I am writing to thank you for the kind invitation (Informal) Thanks for the invitation, sounds lovely Closing remarks: (Formal) We await the event with great anticipation/ I look forward to seeing you (Informal) See you then / We are really looking forward to do it Letters refusing an invitation: Paragraph plan Paragraph 1: thanks for the invitation Paragraphs 2 and 3: refusal of the invitation + reasons Final paragraph: closing remarks + full name Opening remarks: (Formal) We thank you for the recent invitation to (…), but (Informal) Thanks for the invitation, but I’m afraid I can’t come Closing remarks: (Formal) I am sorry to miss the opportunity of / I hope we will have the opportunity yo meet (Informal) I hope we can get together some other time / I’m really sorry we’ll have to miss it Transactional letters: • Respond to a written input and/or visual prompts • Can be of any type (complaint, application, invitation) • You have to include all the relevant factual information given in the rubric, using you own words • Each paragraph deals with only one topic Requesting information: Opening remarks: (Formal) I am writing to enquire about / I am writing in connection with (Informal) I want you to tell me / Can you let me know Introduce first request: (Formal) I would be grateful if you could / Could you possibly send / I would appreciate some information about (Informal) Can you tell me / I want to know Introduce further requests: (Formal) Another matter I need information on is / Could you also please send me (Informal) Can you also find out / I also want to find out Closing remarks: (Formal) I would appreciate it if you could inform me as soon as possible / I look forward to receiving (Informal) Please let me know / Send me the details / Tell me soon Giving information: Opening remarks: (Formal) I am writing in reply to your query / I am writing in reply to your letter asking for information about (Informal)This is what I found out / You wanted me to tell you a few things about Closing remarks: (Formal) I hope I have been of some assistance to you / Please do not hesitate if you require any further information (Informal) I hope this will help you / Let me know if you need any more help Expressions: We look forward to a reply at your earliest convenience News reports: A good news report should consist of: 1. short eye-catching headline which introduces the subject of the report 2. introduction which summarize the event 3. main body consisting of two or more paragraphs in which the event is developed in detail. Information about causes and results is given 4. conclusion in which action to be taken or people´s comments of the event are given Points to consider: • Give all necessary information accurately and in detail • Do not write about you feeling and point of view • Use passive voice and direct / indirect speech Paragraph plan Paragraph 1: summary of the event: time, place and people involved Paragraph 2, 3 and 4: description of the main event and people involved – give detail facts Final paragraph: comments, reference to future developments Features for headlines: • Summary in note form • No longer than 6 words • Leave out unnecessary information • Catch the readers attention • Emotional words • Short words • Articles and auxiliaries omitted • Obvious words omitted Argumentative essays: For and against essays: Paragraph plan Paragraph 1: state topic Paragraph 2: arguments against Paragraph 3: arguments for Final paragraph: balanced consideration/opinion Points to consider: • List the points before staring • Well developed paragraphs( more than one sentence) • Do not use informal style or strong language • Include relevant quotations • Each paragraph should begin with a topic sentence Linking word/phrases: To introduce points: one major advantage/disadvantage, a further advantage To list points: in the first place, secondly. Las but not least To add more points to the same topic: what is more, furthermore, in addition To make contrasting points: on the other hand, however, inspite of, while, nevertheless To introduce examples: for example, for instance To conclude: to sum up, to conclude, all in all Technique to begin and end: To begin: make reference to scene or situation, address the reader directly, start with a quotation To end: state a personal opinion, give the reader something to consider, end with a quotation Opinion essays: Paragraph plan Paragraph 1: state the topic and your opinion clearly Paragraph 2: viewpoint one and reason Paragraph 3: viewpoint two and reason Paragraph 4: give the opposing viewpoint and refuse in Final paragraph: restate your opinion using different words Points to consider: • First decide whether you disagree or agree with the topic • Write well-developed paragraphs • Begin each paragraph with a topic sentence • Linking words Opposing viewpoint: 1. Linker to introduce the contrasting point: it is often argued that, many people alleged that 2. Opposing viewpoint 3. Liker of contras: however 4. Refutation Descriptive essays: Paragraph plan Paragraph 1: name of the person: time you met/saw her/him Paragraph 2: physical appearance Paragraph 3: personality traits Paragraph 4: hobbies, interests, any activities Final paragraph: comments and feelings about that person Points to consider: • Paragraphs should start with a topic sentence • Use linking words • Go from general aspects to small details • Use mild language • Variety in the use of adjectives • Present tenses  person connected to the present • Past tenses  person connected to the past Narrative techniques can be used when describing people. This makes the composition more interesting to the reader. Narratives: Paragraph plan Paragraph 1: set the scene Paragraph 2 to 4: development Final paragraph: end of the story Points to consider: • Decide the plot before starting • Sequence of events is very important • Be careful with tenses • Descriptions can be included Techniques to begin and end a story: To begin: 1. Describe weather, surroundings, people 2. Using direct speech 3. Asking a rhetorical question 4. Creating mystery or suspense 5. Referring to your feelings and modes 6. Addressing the reader directly To end: 1. Using direct speech 2. Referring to your feeling and moods 3. Describing people´s reactions to the events developed in the main body 4. Creating mystery or suspense( delaying action, short sentences) 5. Asking a rhetorical question Summaries: Points to consider: • When the summary is selective, highlight the asked parts • When working with two texts, collect the info after selecting it to make sure you use the two texts and you avoid repetition • Use precise vocabulary, avoid vague words • Write complex sentences if possible • Do not lift from the text, use your own words • Do not include your opinion in the summary • Use formal register Reading comprehension: Steps: 1. Previewing 2. Skimming 3. Highlighting the keywords in the question 4. Scan and highlight the important parts in paragraphs 5. Write down the information selected 6. Answer Types of question: • Spotting • Inferential (reading between the lines) • Extended

EUROPA EN LA MODERNIDAD , de mediados del siglo XVI a mediados del siglo XVIII Transformaciones en la agricultura : El aumento de la producción agrícola: La población crecía y aumentaba la demanda de alimentos. Eso determinó el crecimiento de la producción agrícola, siendo posible por el abandono de tierras después de la crisis del siglo XIV. A mediados del siglo XVIII, la expansión la producción agrícola porque la mayoría de las tierras fértiles estaban ocupadas. Las otras eran pantanos, etcétera y se requerían mucha inversión para la agricultura y ganadería. Se introdujeron cambios en tipos y formas de cultivo y en la ganadería y la agricultura para aumentar la productividad en las tierras ya ocupadas, para un mejor rendimiento. Los nuevos cultivos aumentaron la productividad del suelo. Legumbres y luminosas facilitaban cultivos de raíces. Los cercamientos : Para generalizar esta nueva rotación de cultivos había dificultades: Muchas explotaciones agrícolas que solo producían comida para ellos. Grandes propietarios, antiguos señores y los campesinos más ricos estaban interesados en introducir mejoras en los cultivos destinados a la venta. El sistema de campos abiertos suponía la explotación en común de las tierras. Entonces si un campesino no quería introducir otros cultivos, debía separarse de la aldea. Cada familia tenía pequeñas fracciones de terrenos. Antiguos señores y campesinos ricos cercaron bosques y tierras comunales incultas para aplicar el nuevo sistema de rotación a la producción agrícola. Esto se denominó cercamiento. Comenzó a principios del siglo XVI en Inglaterra y los Países Bajos, y con gran impulso en los siglos XVII y mediados del siglo XVIII, cuando el precio de los cereales bajó y los productores necesitaron aumentar el rendimiento del suelo para seguir consiguiendo los mismos beneficios. Consecuencias de los cercamientos : Tuvieron consecuencias en la economía, la sociedad y las pautas de consumo en la población, desde mediados del siglo XV. Hubo un aumento del rendimiento del suelo y de la producción agrícola y ganadera. Gracias a eso, se alimentó a mayor cantidad de la población, y así se fortaleció el crecimiento demográfico que ya había comenzado. A mediados del siglo XVII, disminuyó el precio de los cereales por su abundancia. Gracias a eso, las personas pudieron comprar otras cosas como artículos agrícolas o manufactureros, es decir adquirieron consumos más variados. Fortalecieron la propiedad individual de la tierra. Quien tenía la tierra decidía qué y cómo producirla. En el plano social, se debilitaron los lazos de la antigua comunidad aldeana. Crecieron las diferencias en la sociedad rural. Los que habían cercado sus tierras o tenían una propiedad mediana o grande se enriquecieron. Los antiguos señores y campesinos ricos producían para el mercado de las ciudades y con ello ganaban dinero. Los campesinos medianos y pequeños se empobrecieron. Al cercarse los bosques y tierras comunales, solo contaban con las porciones de tierras en los campos abiertos, que no les alcanzaba para mantenerse. Por eso debieron buscar otras maneras de obtener ingresos. Las divisiones de regiones de Europa : Las especializaciones de las producciones agrícolas en el siglo XVI fueron: • En la zona noroeste (Inglaterra y Países Bajos) hubo una producción agrícola y ganadera orientada al mercado, en estrecho contacto con las ciudades, a partir de los cercamientos • En la zona oeste de Europa , la producción agrícola no se modificó sustancialmente. Se siguió utilizando el sistema de campos abiertos y comunales con rotación trienal y pagaba a sus señores renta en dinero o en especies. Esto se combinaba con los sistemas de arrendamiento y aparecía en el siglo XV. • En la zona al este del río Elba (Alemania Oriental, Polonia y Rusia), los señores lograron imponer a los campesinos sus derechos señoriales, especialmente las rentas en trabajo. En estas regiones, los señores estaban dedicadas a la producción cerealera con trabajo servil. Los cereales de estas zonas se exportaban (por la ruta del Báltico) a los mercados del noroeste europeo. Antes y después de los cercamientos : Los cercamientos afectaron las relaciones dentro de la aldea, al fortalecer la propiedad privada. La familia pasó a ser la principal unidad de la economía campesina. El espacio agrícola de una aldea con sistema de campos abiertos con rotacion lineal. SI LLEGO A 50 PUNTOS SUBO MAS RESUMENES DE TEMAS.